mtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe western Asia and North America?
mtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe western Asia and North America?
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DOI：
10.1086/302155
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发表时间：
1998-12-01
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Wallace, DC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brown, MD;Hosseini, SH;Wallace, DC
在综合RFLP分析的基础上，已经推断，类似于97%的美洲原住民mtDNA属于四个主要的mtDNA谱系之一，命名为单倍群“A”-“D”。有人提出，第五个mtDNA单倍群（单倍群X）代表了美洲原住民的一个次要的创始谱系。与单倍群A-D不同，单倍群X在现代欧洲人群中的频率也很低。为了研究该单倍群的起源、多样性和大陆关系，我们对22个假定的美洲原住民单倍群X和14个假定的欧洲单倍群X mtDNA进行了mtDNA高分辨率RFLP和完整的控制区（CR）序列分析。结果确定了一个一致的单倍群X基序，其特征是我们的欧洲和美洲土著样品。在美洲原住民中，X单倍群似乎基本上仅限于北方美洲印第安人群体，包括奥吉布瓦人、努-查-努尔特人、苏族人和亚基马人，尽管我们在说纳-德内语的纳瓦霍人中也观察到了这一单倍群。中位数网络分析表明，欧洲和美洲原住民X单倍群的mtDNA，虽然不同，但彼此之间的亲缘关系较远。X到达北美的时间估计是12，000 - 36，000年前，这取决于假定的创始人的数量，从而支持了这样的结论：拥有单倍群X的人是美洲原住民人口的原始创始人之一。到目前为止，单倍群X在亚洲还没有被明确确定，这增加了一些美洲原住民创始人是高加索人祖先的可能性。
On the basis of comprehensive RFLP analysis, it has been inferred that similar to 97% of Native American mtDNAs belong to one of four major founding mtDNA lineages, designated haplogroups "A"-"D." It has been proposed that a fifth mtDNA haplogroup (haplogroup X) represents a minor founding lineage in Native Americans. Unlike haplogroups A-D, haplogroup X is also found at low frequencies in modern European populations. To investigate the origins, diversity, and continental relationships of this haplogroup, we performed mtDNA high-resolution RFLP and complete control region (CR) sequence analysis on 22 putative Native American haplogroup X and 14 putative European haplogroup X mtDNAs. The results identified a consensus haplogroup X motif that characterizes our European and Native American samples. Among Native Americans, haplogroup X appears to be essentially restricted to northern Amerindian groups, including the Ojibwa, the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, the Sioux, and the Yakima, although we also observed this haplogroup in the Na-Dene-speaking Navajo. Median network analysis indicated that European and Native American haplogroup X mtDNAs, although distinct, nevertheless are distantly related to each other. Time estimates for the arrival of X in North America are 12,000-36,000 years ago, depending on the number of assumed founders, thus supporting the conclusion that the peoples harboring haplogroup X were among the original founders of Native American populations. To date, haplogroup X has not been unambiguously identified in Asia, raising the possibility that some Native American founders were of Caucasian ancestry.