The Migration-Development Nexus Evidence and Policy Options State-of-the-Art Overview
The Migration-Development Nexus Evidence and Policy Options State-of-the-Art Overview
复制标题
移民与发展关系的证据和政策选择最新概述
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Engberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ninna Nyberg;N. V. Hear;P. Engberg
2001年9月，丹麦外交部委托进行了一项关于移徙与发展之间现有和潜在联系的研究。2002年1月，丹麦新政府宣布了一项决定，加强其援助和难民政策之间的联系，作为减贫总体重点的一部分。本文件提供了关于移徙-发展关系的当前想法和现有证据的最新概述，包括援助在移徙产区的作用。它围绕以下四个关键问题提供了证据和结论：
贫困与移民
发展中国家的人们需要资源和关系来参与国际移徙。贫穷、经济发展、人口增长、社会和政治变化与国际移徙之间没有直接联系。减贫本身并不是减少移民的战略。
冲突、难民和移民
暴力冲突产生了流离失所的人、移民和难民。行动中的人可能会对预防冲突与和解以及持久冲突作出贡献。大多数难民没有资源离开邻近地区，也就是说，他们仍然在国内流离失所，或者跨境前往其区域内的第一个庇护国。对接收大量难民流入的发展中国家的援助是以贫困为导向的，因为这些国家是贫穷国家，但这种援助在减少发达国家寻求庇护的人数方面有什么作用尚不确定。此外，这种援助可能会吸引来自经历战争或政治动荡的邻国的难民。
移民作为一种发展资源
国际自由化在资本、商品和服务方面走得很远，但在劳动力方面却没有。国际政治经济制度既没有就劳动力流动和汇款流动进行谈判的空间，也没有提供任何倡议。迫切需要加强移民作为发展资源的形象。汇款数额是援助的两倍，至少也针对穷人；散居国外的移民从事跨国活动，对援助和发展产生直接影响；发达国家认识到他们依赖移民劳动力；发展援助、人道主义救济、移民和难民保护政策内部不一致，有时甚至相互矛盾。
援助和移民
援助政策面临着一项重大挑战，既要平衡对减贫的关注，又要减轻产生难民的条件，同时也要与散居国外的移民及其跨国做法进行建设性的互动。目前对援助选择性的强调倾向于将发展援助分配给表现良好的国家，将人道主义援助分配给危机国家和动乱地区。然而，发展援助在预防暴力冲突、促进和解和民主化以及鼓励移民散居国外的减贫发展投资方面比人道主义援助更有效。
这份文件综合了关于移徙发展动态的现有知识，包括对发展和人道主义政策干预的预期和非预期后果的评估。我们审查国际移徙领域最近的事态发展是否提供了“危机”的证据，以及移徙、全球化和冲突性质变化之间的联系。我们总结了当前对所涉主要问题的看法，并审查了关于移徙与发展之间关系的现有证据。然后讨论了对援助界的后续挑战，包括目前关于援助和救济的一致性和选择性的辩论，最后，我们阐述了概览的四个结论。
In September 2001, the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned a study of the present and potential links between migration and development. In January 2002, the new Danish Government announced a decision to enhance the links between its aid and refugee policies as part of the overall focus on poverty reduction. The present paper provides a state–of–the–art overview of current thinking and available evidence on the migration–development nexus, including the role of aid in migrant–producing areas. It offers evidence and conclusions around the following four critical issues:
Poverty and migration
People in developing countries require resources and connections to engage in international migration. There is no direct link between poverty, economic development, population growth, and social and political change on the one hand, and international migration on the other. Poverty reduction is not in itself a migration–reducing strategy.
Conflicts, refugees, and migration
Violent conflicts produce displaced persons, migrants, and refugees. People on the move may contribute both to conflict prevention and reconciliation, and to sustained conflicts. Most refugees do not have the resources to move beyond neighbouring areas, that is, they remain internally displaced or move across borders to first countries of asylum within their region. Aid to developing countries receiving large inflows of refugees is poverty–oriented to the extent that these are poor countries, but it is uncertain what effect such aid has in terms of reducing the number of people seeking asylum in developed countries. Furthermore, such aid may attract refugees from adjacent countries experiencing war or political turmoil.
Migrants as a development resource
International liberalization has gone far with respect to capital, goods and services, but not to labour. International political–economic regimes provide neither space nor initiatives for negotiations on labour mobility and the flow of remittances. There is a pressing need to reinforce the image of migrants as a development resource. Remittances are double the size of aid and target the poor at least as well; migrant diasporas are engaged in transnational practices with direct effects on aid and development; developed countries recognize their dependence on immigrant labour; and policies on development aid, humanitarian relief, migration, and refugee protection are internally inconsistent and occasionally contradictory.
Aid and migration
Aid policies face a critical challenge to balance a focus on poverty reduction with mitigating the conditions that produce refugees, while also interacting constructively with migrant diasporas and their transnational practices. The current emphasis on aid selectivity tends to allocate development aid to the well performing countries, and humanitarian assistance to the crisis countries and trouble spots. However, development aid is more effective than humanitarian assistance in preventing violent conflicts, promoting reconciliation and democratization, and encouraging poverty–reducing development investments by migrant diasporas.
The paper is a synthesis of current knowledge of migration–development dynamics, including an assessment of the intended and unintended consequences of development and humanitarian policy interventions. We examine whether recent developments in the sphere of international migration provide evidence of a “crisis”, as well as the connections between migration, globalization, and the changing nature of conflicts. We summarize current thinking on the main issues at stake and examine available evidence on the relations between migration and development. Then the consequent challenges to the aid community, including the current debates about coherence and selectivity in aid and relief are discussed and, finally, we elaborate on the four conclusions of the overview.