The natural history of the WRKY-GCM1 zinc fingers and the relationship between transcription factors and transposons.
The natural history of the WRKY-GCM1 zinc fingers and the relationship between transcription factors and transposons.
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DOI：
10.1093/nar/gkl888
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发表时间：
2006
影响因子：
14.9
通讯作者：
Aravind L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Babu MM;Iyer LM;Balaji S;Aravind L
WRKY和GCM 1是金属螯合DNA结合结构域（DBD），其共享四链折叠。使用敏感的序列搜索，我们表明，这WRKY-GCM 1倍也共享的FLYWCH锌指结构域和两类突变体样元件（MULE）转座酶的DBD。我们目前的证据表明，他们共享一个稳定的核心，这表明一个可能的起源从一个床指状中间体，这反过来又最终来自C2 H2锌指域。通过系统的研究，我们表明，这个WRKY-GCM 1超家族是一个广泛的真核生物特异性转录因子（TF）组。我们在不同的真核细胞谱系中鉴定了几个新成员，包括动物、真菌和内阿米巴中的潜在TF。通过整合序列、结构、基因表达和转录网络数据，我们提出的证据表明，至少有两个主要的全球性调控子属于这个超家族的酿酒酵母（Rcs 1 p和Aft 2 p）已经从转座子进化而来，并在最近的子囊菌酵母进化过程中获得了转录调控中心的地位。在植物中，我们表明，WRKY-GCM 1结构域蛋白质的谱系特异性扩展主要通过表达分歧而不是蛋白质序列分歧获得功能多样性。我们还使用WRKY-GCM 1超家族作为例子来说明转座子在不同谱系中出现新TF的重要性。
WRKY and GCM1 are metal chelating DNA-binding domains (DBD) which share a four stranded fold. Using sensitive sequence searches, we show that this WRKY–GCM1 fold is also shared by the FLYWCH Zn-finger domain and the DBDs of two classes of Mutator-like element (MULE) transposases. We present evidence that they share a stabilizing core, which suggests a possible origin from a BED finger-like intermediate that was in turn ultimately derived from a C2H2 Zn-finger domain. Through a systematic study of the phyletic pattern, we show that this WRKY–GCM1 superfamily is a widespread eukaryote-specific group of transcription factors (TFs). We identified several new members across diverse eukaryotic lineages, including potential TFs in animals, fungi and Entamoeba. By integrating sequence, structure, gene expression and transcriptional network data, we present evidence that at least two major global regulators belonging to this superfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Rcs1p and Aft2p) have evolved from transposons, and attained the status of transcription regulatory hubs in recent course of ascomycete yeast evolution. In plants, we show that the lineage-specific expansion of WRKY–GCM1 domain proteins acquired functional diversity mainly through expression divergence rather than by protein sequence divergence. We also use the WRKY–GCM1 superfamily as an example to illustrate the importance of transposons in the emergence of new TFs in different lineages.