Yakovlevian Torque: Something Old and Something New.
Yakovlevian Torque: Something Old and Something New.
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雅科夫列夫扭矩：旧的和新的。
DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.013
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Bilder,RobertM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bilder,RobertM
在关于大脑的宏大假设中，很少有人能与广为人知的关于大脑偏侧化的“格施温德假说”（Geschwind Hypothesis）相比。1982年，格施温德和贝汉发表了一篇里程碑式的论文（1），1985年，他们发表了一系列论文（2-4）。这个宏大的理论的核心思想是，子宫内的睾酮水平影响免疫系统发育、神经嵴细胞的个体发育以及其他一系列生理过程，从而产生了现在已经得到充分证明的大脑横向不对称模式。这一假设的独特之处还在于它受到了严格的质疑。McManus和Bryden（5）首先开发了一个正式的因果路径模型来评估Geschwind假说的有效性，然后Bryden和同事（6）测试了模型与现有证据的拟合程度。对于那些不熟悉这个故事的人...剧透警报（！）...他们发现，这些假说的核心原则“几乎没有经验支持”，有些部分直接被现有证据证伪。但过去40年来，数据聚合的数量急剧增加，这使得一系列大胆的新元分析和大型分析成为可能。Zhao及其同事的目标文章（7）代表了这个新的发现时代，其中研究了超过24，000个个体，以更好地识别复杂的相互作用模式的存在，即“扭曲”或“发育扭矩”，马乔里·勒梅（8）早在2000年，伟大的神经解剖学家保罗·雅科夫列夫（Paul Yakovlev）就首次发现了从脊髓到端脑水平的连续体。1938.早在20世纪90年代，我们就对正常大脑不对称发展中的异常可能是精神分裂症的特征感到好奇，并计算了五种皮质体积测量的扭矩指数，发现这不仅在精神分裂症中不太突出，而且扭矩下降在未分化精神分裂症中比偏执型精神分裂症和更严重的阴性症状患者中更常见（9）。与我们在121人的样本中使用“半自动”方法（当时主要是手动方法）的适度研究相反，Zhao和同事现在已经在一个200倍大的样本中检查了一系列解剖测量的结果！
Among grand hypotheses about the brain, few compare to what has been widely known as the Geschwind Hypothesis about cerebral lateralization, documented in a landmark paper by Geschwind and Behan in 1982 (1), and then by a trilogy of papers in 1985 (2-4). This grand theory centered on the idea that intrauterine testosterone levels impact immune system development, ontogeny of neural crest cells, and a host of other physiological processes to yield the now well-documented patterns of lateral asymmetries in the brain. This hypothesis is further unique in the rigor with which it has been interrogated. McManus and Bryden (5) first developed a formal causal path model to evaluate the validity of the Geschwind Hypothesis, and then Bryden and colleagues (6) tested how well the model fit existing evidence. For those not familiar with this story… spoiler alert (!)… they found that the core tenets of the hypotheses had “… almost no empirical support…” and some components were directly falsified by existing evidence.But the last 40 years have led to dramatic increases in the aggregation of data that are enabling a bold new series of meta-and mega-analytic opportunities. The target article by Zhao and colleagues (7) represents this new age of discovery, in which more than 24,000 individuals were studied to better identify both the existence of complex, interacting patterns of “twisting” or “developmental torque”, which Marjorie Le May (8) suggested were first identified in a continuum extending from spinal to telencephalic levels by the great neuroanatomist Paul Yakovlev as early as 1938. Back in the 1990s, we were intrigued by the possibility that anomalies in the development of normal brain asymmetries might characterize schizophrenia, and computed an index of torque across five measures of cortical volume, and found not only that this was less prominent in schizophrenia, but that decreased torque was more common in undifferentiated than paranoid schizophrenia and in patients with more severe negative symptoms (9). In contrast to our modest study that used a “semiautomated” method (which at that time, meant largely manual method) in a sample of 121 individuals, Zhao and colleagues have now examined findings from an array of anatomic measures in a sample 200 times larger!