What's wrong with negative liberty
What's wrong with negative liberty
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消极自由有什么问题
DOI：
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发表时间：
1985
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Charles Taylor
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文献类型：
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作者：
Charles Taylor
这是一种试图解决区分“积极的”和“消极的”自由理论的问题之一，正如以赛亚·伯林的开创性文章《自由的两个概念》中所区分的那样。虽然人们几乎可以无休止地讨论这一区别的详细表述，但我相信不可否认的是，在我们的文明中，国外有两个这样的政治自由概念家族。因此，显然有一些理论，在自由社会中得到了广泛的宣传，他们想要将自由定义为个人不受他人干涉的独立，无论是这些政府、公司还是个人；同样明显的是，这些理论受到了那些认为自由至少部分存在于对共同生活的集体控制中的人的挑战。我们毫无疑问地承认，从卢梭和马克思衍生出来的理论符合这一范畴。每一类都有相当多的观点。这一点值得牢记，因为在争论的过程中，很容易确定每个家庭的极端、近乎讽刺的变体。当人们攻击积极的自由论时，他们脑海中通常会有一些遗留下来的极权主义理论，根据这种理论，自由完全存在于一个没有阶级的社会中对自己命运的集体控制，例如，这种理论是官方共产主义的基础。这种观点，以其滑稽的极端形式，拒绝承认其他社会保障的自由是真实的。
This is an attempt to resolve one of the issues that separate ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ theories of freedom, as these have been distinguished in Isaiah Berlin's seminal essay, ‘Two concepts of liberty’. Although one can discuss almost endlessly the detailed formulation of the distinction, I believe it is undeniable that there are two such families of conceptions of political freedom abroad in our civilization. Thus there clearly are theories, widely canvassed in liberal society, which want to define freedom exclusively in terms of the independence of the individual from interference by others, be these governments, corporations or private persons; and equally clearly these theories are challenged by those who believe that freedom resides at least in part in collective control over the common life. We unproblematically recognize theories descended from Rousseau and Marx as fitting in this category. There is quite a gamut of views in each category. And this is worth bearing in mind, because it is too easy in the course of polemic to fix on the extreme, almost caricatural variants of each family. When people attack positive theories of freedom, they generally have some Left totalitarian theory in mind, according to which freedom resides exclusively in exercising collective control over one's destiny in a classless society, the kind of theory which underlies, for instance, official communism. This view, in its caricaturally extreme form, refuses to recognize the freedoms guaranteed in other societies as genuine.