Copper flows in buildings, infrastructure and mobiles: a dynamic model and its application to Switzerland
Copper flows in buildings, infrastructure and mobiles: a dynamic model and its application to Switzerland
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s10098-010-0278-4
复制
发表时间：
2011-02
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Hans-Peter Bader;R. Scheidegger;Dominic Wittmer;Dominic Wittmer;T. Lichtensteiger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hans-Peter Bader;R. Scheidegger;Dominic Wittmer;Dominic Wittmer;T. Lichtensteiger
在上个世纪，人类所需的材料消耗量增加了几个数量级，即使是金属等不可再生材料也是如此。在联邦统计数据中经常可以找到关于年度消费（投入）和回收/废物（产出）的一些数据，但缺少关于主要流量的清晰图像。以瑞士的铜为例，建立了一个动态物质流模型，以模拟过去150年来相关的铜流量和库存。该模型使用来自统计和公开来源的数据以及来自访谈和测量的数据进行校准。目前状态（2000年）的模拟与其他研究的数据进行比较。结果显示，瑞士的消费量和损失量都很高，分别约为8公斤/（上限年）和2公斤/（上限年），约为世界平均水平的三倍。该模型使人们了解流量和存量及其作为时间函数的相互依存关系。这对于那些消耗动态以长寿命为特征的材料至关重要，因此对于将当前输出与整个过去的输入相关联至关重要。该模型允许全面讨论减少资源使用和环境损失的可能措施。虽然增加再循环可以减少填埋损失，但只有铜替代品可以减少对环境的各种损失，尽管时间延迟相当于一生。
During the last century, the consumption of materials for human needs increased by several orders of magnitude, even for non-renewable materials such as metals. Some data on annual consumption (input) and recycling/waste (output) can often be found in the federal statistics, but a clear picture of the main flows is missing. A dynamic material flow model is developed for the example of copper in Switzerland in order to simulate the relevant copper flows and stocks over the last 150 years. The model is calibrated using data from statistical and published sources as well as from interviews and measurements. A simulation of the current state (2000) is compared with data from other studies. The results show that Swiss consumption and losses are both high, at a level of about 8 and 2 kg/(cap year), respectively, or about three times higher than the world average. The model gives an understanding of the flows and stocks and their interdependencies as a function of time. This is crucial for materials whose consumption dynamics are characterised by long lifetimes and hence for relating the current output to the input of the whole past. The model allows a comprehensive discussion of possible measures to reduce resource use and losses to the environment. While increasing the recycling reduces losses to landfill, only copper substitution can reduce the different losses to the environment, although with a time delay of the order of a lifetime.