The Anthropology of Infectious Disease
The Anthropology of Infectious Disease
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传染病人类学
DOI：
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. C. Inhorn;P. Brown
由传染病引起的疾病深刻地影响了人类历史和生物学。从人口统计学的角度来看，传染病——包括从古代到现代毁灭人类的大流行病，如瘟疫和天花，以及不那么引人注目的、未命名的病毒和细菌感染，导致婴儿死亡率很高——夺去的生命可能比所有战争、非传染性疾病和自然灾害加起来还要多。面对这种微小入侵者的攻击，人类种群被迫在基因和文化水平上适应传染性病原体。作为自然选择的媒介，传染病在人类物种的进化中发挥了重要作用。传染病也是文化转型的主要推动力，因为社会对急性流行病（如麻疹、流感）和慢性、使人衰弱的传染病（如疟疾、血吸虫病）造成的社会、经济、政治和心理混乱作出了反应。今天，获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）的全球流行提供了一个突出的例子，说明了与传染病有关的文化转变背后的过程。正如本综述中引用的许多例子所说明的那样，人类群体常常在不知不觉中促进了传染病的传播
Diseases caused by infectious agents have profoundly affected both human history and biology. In demographic terms, infectious diseases-including both great epidemics, such as plague and smallpox, which have devastated human populations from ancient to modem times, and less dramatic, un named viral and bacterial infections causing high infant mortality-have likely claimed more lives than all wars, noninfectious diseases , and natural disasters taken together. In the face of such attack by microscopic invaders , human populations have been forced to adapt to infectious agents on the levels of both genes and culture. As agents of natural selection, infectious diseases have played a major role in the evolution of the human species . Infectious diseases have also been a prime mover in cultural transformation, as societies have responded to the social, economic, political, and psychological disrup tion engendered by acute epidemics (e.g. measles , influenza) and chronic, debilitating infectious diseases (e.g. malaria, schistosomiasis) . Today, the global epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) provides a salient example of the processes underlying infectious-disease-related cultural transformations. As many of the examples cited in this review illustrate, human groups have often unwittingly facilitated the spread of infectious