Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders.
Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders.
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1010034312781
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Goldwasser, L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parker, I.M.;Simberloff, D.;Goldwasser, L.
尽管生态学家通常谈论非本土物种的影响，但很少有人正式注意定义我们所说的影响是什么意思，或者将生态学理论与特定的影响衡量标准联系起来。因此，缺乏关于入侵影响的概括不仅仅是一个学术问题；我们需要能够区分影响较小的入侵者和影响较大的入侵者，以便确定管理工作的优先顺序。本文的重点是定义、评估和比较各种影响的度量方法，这些方法来自于经验例子和理论推理。我们首先论证入侵者的总影响包括三个基本维度：范围、丰富度和入侵者的人均或人均生物量效应。然后，我们总结了以往在不同组织层面上衡量影响的方法，并提出了一些新的方法。回顾影响的数学模型，我们认为，使用社区集合模型的理论研究可以作为更好的实证研究和监测计划的基础，并提供对不同类型影响之间的关系的更清晰的理解。然后，我们讨论了一些特殊的挑战，这些挑战来自于需要在管理或政策背景下优先考虑入侵物种。最后，我们就入侵生物学领域可能如何发展提出建议，以建立一个理解和预测影响的一般框架。特别是，我们提倡旨在探索不同指标之间相关性的研究：复杂的多变量方法的结果是否充分地被简单的复合指标(如物种丰富度)所捕获？对当地人口的影响与对生态系统功能的影响有多大的相关性？入侵影响有没有有用的生物指标？入侵物种的影响在多大程度上取决于衡量它的系统？三种方法将在这一系列调查中提供新的见解：(1)在多个尺度和多个组织层面衡量影响的研究，(2)综合不同反应变量现有数据的研究，以及(3)旨在指导经验性工作和探索普遍性的模型。
Although ecologists commonly talk about the impacts of nonindigenous species, little formal attention has been given to defining what we mean by impact, or connecting ecological theory with particular measures of impact. The resulting lack of generalizations regarding invasion impacts is more than an academic problem; we need to be able to distinguish invaders with minor effects from those with large effects in order to prioritize management efforts. This paper focuses on defining, evaluating, and comparing a variety of measures of impact drawn from empirical examples and theoretical reasoning. We begin by arguing that the total impact of an invader includes three fundamental dimensions: range, abundance, and the per-capita or per-biomass effect of the invader. Then we summarize previous approaches to measuring impact at different organizational levels, and suggest some new approaches. Reviewing mathematical models of impact, we argue that theoretical studies using community assembly models could act as a basis for better empirical studies and monitoring programs, as well as provide a clearer understanding of the relationship among different types of impact. We then discuss some of the particular challenges that come from the need to prioritize invasive species in a management or policy context. We end with recommendations about how the field of invasion biology might proceed in order to build a general framework for understanding and predicting impacts. In particular, we advocate studies designed to explore the correlations among different measures: Are the results of complex multivariate methods adequately captured by simple composite metrics such as species richness? How well are impacts on native populations correlated with impacts on ecosystem functions? Are there useful bioindicators for invasion impacts? To what extent does the impact of an invasive species depend on the system in which it is measured? Three approaches would provide new insights in this line of inquiry: (1) studies that measure impacts at multiple scales and multiple levels of organization, (2) studies that synthesize currently available data on different response variables, and (3) models designed to guide empirical work and explore generalities.