The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design
The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design
复制标题
计算机伸出援手：界面设计的历史延续
DOI：
10.1145/97243.97284
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
J. Grudin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Grudin
本文考察了用户界面研究和开发的重点从20世纪50年代第一个商用计算机系统的生产到现在的演变。最初并不需要“用户界面”这个术语，因为当时大多数用户都是工程师和程序员；当为群体编写的应用程序多于为个人编写的应用程序时，这个术语可能再次变得不合适。但是，从硬件到软件，再到越来越高层次的认知能力，最后到社会过程，计算机接口向外移动的过程是连续的。随着焦点的转移，设计的方法和实践者所需的技能也会发生变化。在这篇文章中，确定了五个重点或发展水平。今天的大多数开发都定位在第三个层次，相当多的研究都指向第四个层次。目前正在对第五个问题给予一些关注：重新定位工作组或组织本身的接口。不同层面的工作并不完全独立，因此，建立一个全面的框架可能使我们能够更有效地定位现有的研发工作和规划未来的工作。
This paper examines the evolution of the focus of user interface research and development from the first production of commercial computer systems in the 1950s through the present. The term “user interface” was not needed in the beginning, when most users were engineers and programmers; it may again become inappropriate when more applications are written for groups than for individuals. But there is a continuity to the outward movement of the computer's interface to its external environment, from hardware to software to increasingly higher-level cognitive capabilities and finally to social processes. As the focus shifts, the approaches to design and the skills required of practitioners changes. In this paper five foci or levels of development are identified. Most development today is positioned in the third level and considerable research is directed at the fourth. Some attention is now being given to the fifth: repositioning the interface in the work group or organization itself. Work at the different levels is not entirely independent, so establishing a comprehensive framework may enable us to position existing research and development efforts and plan future work more effectively.