Halcyornis toliapicus (Aves: Lower Eocene, England) indicates advanced neuromorphology in Mesozoic Neornithes

Halcyornis toliapicus (Aves: Lower Eocene, England) indicates advanced neuromorphology in Mesozoic Neornithes
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Halcyornis toliapicus(鸟纲:下始新世,英格兰)表明中生代新鸟的高级神经形态学

DOI:
10.1080/14772019.2010.513703
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发表时间:
2011
影响因子:
2.6
通讯作者:
Walsh S
Walsh S
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Walsh S

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我们最近对英格兰下始新世伦敦粘土层中的Prophaethon shrubsolei和Odontopteryx toliapica进行的X射线微型计算机断层扫描(μCT)研究表明,鸟类大脑在55 Ma前基本上已经具有现代的形式,但一种与现生鸟类视觉相关的重要突触形态--端脑矢状隆起--发育不良。这一证据表明,这一特征可能出现在中生代末期。在这里,我们使用μCT分析来描述Halcyornis toliapicus的颅内,也来自伦敦粘土层。Halcyornis的亲缘关系一直在激烈的争论中,该分类群被称为Charadriiformes(Laridae),Coraciiformes(Alcedinidae,及其自己的家庭Halcyornithidae),最近Halcyornithidae可能是Pseudasturidae(Pan-Psittaciformes)的高级同义词。Halcyornisis的矢状隆起发达,可与现存物种的矢状隆起相媲美,这一点与原翼龙和蜻蜓不同。像那些伦敦粘土分类群一样,矢状隆起在端脑上占据吻侧位置。哈尔西鸟的感官似乎已经很发达了。内耳耳蜗管的长度表明听觉灵敏度在现存物种的上限范围内,而扩大的嗅叶表明对嗅觉的合理依赖。视神经特别发达,与矢状隆起的强烈发展一起,表明Halcyornis视觉特化的高度。矢状隆起的高级发育进一步支持了现存鸟类中发现的这种结构和相关神经结构复杂性的中生代出现。现生鹦鹉形目的矢状隆起位于端脑的尾部,这使得Halcyornis不太可能是泛鹦鹉形目的关系。
Our recent X-ray micro computer-tomographic (μCT) investigations ofProphaethon shrubsoleiandOdontopteryx toliapicafrom the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation of England revealed the avian brain to have been essentially modern in form by 55 Ma, but that an important vision-related synapomorphy of living birds, the eminentia sagittalis of the telencephalon, was poorly developed. This evidence suggested that the feature probably appeared close to the end of the Mesozoic. Here we use μCT analysis to describe the endocranium ofHalcyornis toliapicus, also from the London Clay Formation. The affinities ofHalcyornishave been hotly debated, with the taxon referred to the Charadriiformes (Laridae), Coraciiformes (Alcedinidae, and its own family Halcyornithidae) and most recently that Halcyornithidae may be a possible senior synonym of Pseudasturidae (Pan-Psittaciformes). UnlikeProphaethonandOdontopteryx, the eminentia sagittalis ofHalcyornisis strongly developed and comparable to that of living species. Like those London Clay taxa, the eminentia sagittalis occupies a rostral position on the telencephalon. The senses ofHalcyornisappear to have been well developed. The length of the cochlear duct of the inner ear indicates a hearing sensitivity within the upper range of living species, and enlarged olfactory lobes suggest a reasonable reliance on sense of smell. The optic nerves were especially well developed which, together with the strong development of the eminentia sagittalis, indicates a high degree of visual specialization inHalcyornis. The advanced development of the eminentia sagittalis further supports a Mesozoic age for the appearance of this structure and associated neural architectural complexity found in extant Aves. The eminentia sagittalis of living Psittaciformes is situated caudally on the telencephalon, making a Pan-Psittaciformes relationship unlikely forHalcyornis.
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