Buried in the noise. Focus on "temporal properties of responses to broadband noise in the auditory nerve".
Buried in the noise. Focus on "temporal properties of responses to broadband noise in the auditory nerve".
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埋没在喧嚣之中。
DOI：
10.1152/jn.01244.2003
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Yin,TomCT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yin,TomCT
当听到声音时，听觉系统面临两个任务。一个是识别声音，另一个是在空间中定位声音。这两项任务都依赖于听神经纤维(ANF)对时间包络或声音的精细结构做出反应的非凡能力。例如，为了理解语音，我们必须跟踪语音的包络(Shannon等人。)，而要确定隐藏在灌木丛中的咆哮熊的位置，我们主要依赖于探测到两只耳朵上信号精细结构之间的微小(10-800μS)听觉间时差(Wightman和Kistler 1992)。ANF也在频率上进行调整，每个频率都有一个特定的特征频率(CF)，该频率取决于支配它的内毛细胞沿耳蜗线的位置。声音中时间信息的编码取决于耳蜗毛细胞的方向极化。内毛细胞的去极化和超极化电流首先编码鼓膜对压力波的交替内外运动，然后这些电流被反映在ANF的放电中，作为对时间波动的同步反应。在大多数关于ANF和更多的中枢听神经对声音的精细结构或包络的“锁相”研究中，已经使用了纯音或调幅音。这些研究表明，在哺乳动物中，对精细结构的锁相仅限于4-5 kHz的低频刺激(Johnson 1980)。在较高频率下，由于毛细胞的膜电容，精细结构的相位锁定会丢失，但如果声音具有时变包络，则ANF将锁定到低频包络，尽管最高仅为1.5 kHz(Joris和Yen 1992)。ANF还可以同步到更复杂的信号，例如高斯噪声。逆相关(或Revcor)技术，已流行用于视觉系统的研究(Freeman和Ohzawa 1990；Jones和Palmer 1987；Smyth等人)。2003)，首次开发(de Boer和Kuyper 1968)来分析ANF对宽带噪声刺激的低频分量进行编码的能力。然而，这种技术受到锁相的限制，并且不能揭示在较高CFS下ANF的噪声包络的同步。在这一期中，Louage等人(P.2051-2065)描述了一种经典分析工具--自相关的新应用，它使他们不仅能够确定与低频精细结构的同步，而且还能够确定在高频下对包络的锁定。自相关图被用来研究ANF的时间特性已经有一段时间了(Ruggero 1973)。然而，传统的自相关技术被限制在低于1.5 khz的频率，因为
The auditory system is faced with two tasks when a sound is heard. One is to identify the sound and the other is to localize it in space. Both tasks depend on the remarkable ability of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) to synchronize their responses to the temporal envelope or to the fine structure of the sound. For example, to understand speech, we must track the envelopes of speech sounds (Shannon et al. 1995), whereas to determine where a growling bear hidden in the bushes is located, we depend primarily on detecting the small (10–800 μs) interaural time disparities between the signals’ fine structure at the two ears (Wightman and Kistler 1992). ANFs are also tuned in frequency, each with a particular characteristic frequency (CF) that depends on the location along the cochlea of the inner hair cell that innervates it. The coding of the temporal information in the sound depends on the directional polarization of the hair cells in the cochlea. The alternating inward and outward movements of the eardrum in response to the pressure waves of a sound are first encoded by depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents in the inner hair cells, which are then reflected in the discharge of ANFs as synchronized responses to the temporal fluctuations.In most studies of “phase-locking” of ANFs and more central auditory neurons to the fine structure or to the envelope of sounds, pure tones or amplitude-modulated tones have been used. These studies show that phase-locking to the fine structure is restricted to low-frequency stimuli, in mammals 4–5 kHz (Johnson 1980). At higher frequencies, phase locking to the fine structure is lost due to the membrane capacitance of the hair cell, but if the sound has a time-varying envelope then ANFs will phase lock to the low-frequency envelope, though only up to 1.5 kHz (Joris and Yin 1992). ANFs can also synchronize to more complex signals, such as Gaussian noise. The reverse correlation (or revcor) technique, which has become popular to use in studies of the visual system (Freeman and Ohzawa 1990; Jones and Palmer 1987; Smyth et al. 2003), was first developed (de Boer and Kuyper 1968) to analyze the ability of ANFs to encode the low-frequency components of a broadband noise stimulus. However, this technique is limited by phase locking and cannot reveal the synchronization to the envelope of the noise for ANFs at higher CFs. In this issue, Louage et al.(p. 2051–2065) describe a novel application of a classic analytic tool, autocorrelation, that enabled them to determine not only synchrony to low-frequency fine structure but also the locking to the envelope at high frequencies. Autocorrelograms have been used for some time to study the temporal properties of ANFs (Ruggero 1973). However, traditional autocorrelation techniques are limited to frequencies less than 1.5 kHz by the refractory period of
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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