Physiology of Soccer
Physiology of Soccer
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足球生理学
作者：
T. Stølen;K. Chamari;C. Castagna;U. Wisløff
足球是世界上最受欢迎的运动，男女老少都有不同水平的专业技能。足球的表现取决于无数的因素，如技术/生物力学，战术，心理和生理领域。足球在世界范围内如此受欢迎的原因之一是，球员可能不需要在任何这些表现领域具有非凡的能力，但在所有领域都具有合理的水平。然而，有一种趋势是更系统的训练和选拔，这会影响最高水平运动员的人体测量特征。与其他活动一样，足球不是一门科学，但科学可能有助于提高成绩。提高足球成绩的努力往往集中在技术和战术上，而牺牲了体能。在90分钟的比赛中，精英水平的球员以接近无氧阈值（最大心率的80-90%）的平均强度跑大约10公里。在这种耐力的背景下，需要大量的爆发性活动，包括跳跃，踢球，铲球，转身，冲刺，改变速度，以及维持有力的收缩以保持平衡和控制球对抗防守压力。最好的球队继续提高他们的体能，而排名较低的球队则与30年前报告的值相似。这是否是由于评估和训练资源较少，出售最好的球员，和/或如何在排名较低的球队中执行有效的运动训练方案的知识，目前尚不清楚。由于确实有一些低级别的球队具有与职业队一样高的有氧能力，后者可能起着重要的作用。本文提供了足球运动员和裁判员的生理学和相关的生理测试的最新情况。它还提供了有效的力量和耐力训练方案的例子，以提高实地业绩。所引用的文献是通过计算机检索相关数据库和审查作者的大量文件而积累起来的。从9893篇涉及本文讨论主题的论文中，选出843篇进行更仔细的审查，排除了信息冗余，不充分或实验设计不充分的研究。本文选取了181个样本进行了讨论。这些信息可能对足球运动员的安全和成功具有重要意义，希望教练和足球运动员个人能够理解并采取行动。
AbstractSoccer is the most popular sport in the world and is performed by men and women, children and adults with different levels of expertise. Soccer performance depends upon a myriad of factors such as technical/biomechanical, tactical, mental and physiological areas. One of the reasons that soccer is so popular worldwide is that players may not need to have an extraordinary capacity within any of these performance areas, but possess a reasonable level within all areas. However, there are trends towards more systematic training and selection influencing the anthropometric profiles of players who compete at the highest level. As with other activities, soccer is not a science, but science may help improve performance. Efforts to improve soccer performance often focus on technique and tactics at the expense of physical fitness.During a 90-minute game, elite-level players run about 10km at an average intensity close to the anaerobic threshold (80–90% of maximal heart rate). Within this endurance context, numerous explosive bursts of activity are required, including jumping, kicking, tackling, turning, sprinting, changing pace, and sustaining forceful contractions to maintain balance and control of the ball against defensive pressure. The best teams continue to increase their physical capacities, whilst the less well ranked have similar values as reported 30 years ago. Whether this is a result of fewer assessments and training resources, selling the best players, and/or knowledge of how to perform effective exercise training regimens in less well ranked teams, is not known. As there do exist teams from lower divisions with as high aerobic capacity as professional teams, the latter factor probably plays an important role.This article provides an update on the physiology of soccer players and referees, and relevant physiological tests. It also gives examples of effective strength- and endurance-training programmes to improve on-field performance. The cited literature has been accumulated by computer searching of relevant databases and a review of the authors’ extensive files. From a total of 9893 papers covering topics discussed in this article, 843 were selected for closer scrutiny, excluding studies where information was redundant, insufficient or the experimental design was inadequate. In this article, 181 were selected and discussed. The information may have important implications for the safety and success of soccer players and hopefully it should be understood and acted upon by coaches and individual soccer players.