Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of "formalization"
Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of "formalization"
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DOI：
10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.02.001
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发表时间：
2009-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
10.2
通讯作者：
Veiga, Marcello M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Siegel, Shefa;Veiga, Marcello M.
本文讨论了撒哈拉以南非洲个体和小规模采矿正规化的作用，特别侧重于乌干达。大多数个体和小型金矿活动发生在主流法律的经济体之外，占据了一个非正式但必不可少的经济活动的朦胧世界。正在形成的共识是，正规化必须是任何发展个体和小型金矿部门战略的一部分。然而，正规化的含义并不总是很清楚：正规化如何促进经济发展也不清楚。虽然形式化可以以多种方式定义，但这里认为，应在埃尔南多·德索托的“法外”理论的背景下理解形式化的ASM。在这个框架中，正规化是将现有的习惯做法（由矿工非正式发展）吸收到一个国家的法律的和经济事务主流中的手段。这一正规化概念适用于乌干达的情况，该国尽管有正式的正规化政策，但个体和小规模采矿业继续在正规经济之外运作。有人认为，要使正规化发挥作用，还必须使矿工“资本化”，使他们能够从临时手工采矿转向更可持续的中小型采矿。国际发展组织可通过设立循环贷款基金和帮助承担向采矿者贷款的风险，帮助个体和小型金矿从法外经济向法律的经济过渡。(C)2008爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
This paper addresses the role of formalization in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing specifically on Uganda. Most ASM activity occurs outside mainstream legal economies, occupying a hazy world of informal, yet essential, economic activity. There is an emerging consensus that formalization must be part of any strategy to develop the ASM sector. However, the meaning of formalization is not always clear: nor how formalization contributes to economic development. While formalization can be defined in a number of ways, it is argued here that formalizing ASM should be understood in the context of Hernando De Soto's theory of "extralegality". In this framework, formalization is the means of absorbing existing customary practices-developed informally by miners-into the mainstream of a country's legal and economic affairs. This concept of formalization is applied to the case of Uganda, where, despite official formalization policies on the books, ASM continues to operate outside the formal economy. It is argued that to make formalization work, miners must also be "capitalized" in ways that permit them to move from transient artisanal mining, to more sustainable small- and medium-scale mining. International development organizations can help to facilitate the transition of ASM from an extralegal to a legal economy by creating revolving loan funds, and helping to carry the risk of lending money to miners. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.