HIV, prisoners, and human rights
HIV, prisoners, and human rights
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DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30663-8
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发表时间：
2016-09-17
期刊：
影响因子：
168.9
通讯作者：
Beyrer, Chris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rubenstein, Leonard S.;Amon, Joseph J.;Beyrer, Chris
在世界范围内，现任和前任囚犯中存在着不成比例的艾滋病毒、结核病和肝炎负担。这一问题源于不公正和歧视性拘留个人的法律、政策和治安做法，未能确保拘留期间、整个监禁期间和释放后预防、护理和治疗的连续性。这些政府行为以及未能确保人道的监狱条件，构成了对不受歧视、残忍和不人道待遇、正当法律程序和健康的人权的侵犯。尽管预防和治疗艾滋病毒、结核病、肝炎和药物依赖的干预措施已被证明在监狱中是成功的，并且是国际法所要求的，但这些干预措施通常无法实现。监狱卫生服务往往不受负责国家公共卫生计划的部委管理，监狱官员往往不愿意在羁押环境中实施有效的预防措施，例如交换针头、分发避孕套和阿片类药物替代疗法，往往是基于认为这些措施与监狱安全不相容的错误想法。在几乎所有国家，囚犯获释后都面临耻辱和社会边缘化，并且常常无法获得健康和社会支持服务。需要改革刑法、警务做法和司法系统以减少监禁，改革监狱及其卫生服务的组织和管理，并加大资源投入。
Worldwide, a disproportionate burden of HIV, tuberculosis, and hepatitis is present among current and former prisoners. This problem results from laws, policies, and policing practices that unjustly and discriminatorily detain individuals and fail to ensure continuity of prevention, care, and treatment upon detention, throughout imprisonment, and upon release. These government actions, and the failure to ensure humane prison conditions, constitute violations of human rights to be free of discrimination and cruel and inhuman treatment, to due process of law, and to health. Although interventions to prevent and treat HIV, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and drug dependence have proven successful in prisons and are required by international law, they commonly are not available. Prison health services are often not governed by ministries responsible for national public health programmes, and prison officials are often unwilling to implement effective prevention measures such as needle exchange, condom distribution, and opioid substitution therapy in custodial settings, often based on mistaken ideas about their incompatibility with prison security. In nearly all countries, prisoners face stigma and social marginalisation upon release and frequently are unable to access health and social support services. Reforms in criminal law, policing practices, and justice systems to reduce imprisonment, reforms in the organisation and management of prisons and their health services, and greater investment of resources are needed.