Sea urchins: Improving understanding of prehistoric subsistence, diet, foraging behavior, tool use, and ritual practices in Polynesia
Sea urchins: Improving understanding of prehistoric subsistence, diet, foraging behavior, tool use, and ritual practices in Polynesia
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海胆：增进对波利尼西亚史前生存、饮食、觅食行为、工具使用和仪式习俗的了解
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发表时间：
2020
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通讯作者：
Ashleigh J. Rogers
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作者：
M. Weisler;Morana Mihaljević;Ashleigh J. Rogers
摘要海胆（海胆）融入了史前海洋社会的许多方面，因为它们提供食物，研磨工具和稀有装饰品的原材料，并被用作夏威夷群岛神社（Ko 'a）的祭品。我们有七个居住地和神社组合（大部分可以追溯到史前晚期;即，公元16世纪后），位于沿着夏威夷群岛莫洛凯岛（Moloka 'i）的岩石迎风海岸，长约12公里，在大洋洲记录了一些海胆的密集分布。我们检查了超过185，000个海胆碎片，重近11.7公斤，我们相信这是迄今为止最大的分析样本。主要集中在头盔顽童（Colobocentrotus atratus），发现整个印度-太平洋，我们使用了一个协议，准确地计算最低数量的个人使用独特的测试（内骨骼）板和内部口器，证明了海胆的饮食对海洋生存的重要性，构建了计算单个海胆大小的异速生长公式，并讨论了海胆对监测人类对这一重要沿海资源的长期影响的相关性。虽然研究地点绝大多数含有帽贝（Cellana spp.），海胆提供了一些无脊椎动物组合的>80%的脂肪和近40%的蛋白质。据记载，稍大的海胆被放置在神社作为祭品，而较小的个体则与居住结构相关。
Abstract Sea urchins (echinoids) were integrated into many aspects of prehistoric Oceanic society as they provided food, raw material for abrading tools and rare ornaments, and were used as offerings on shrines (ko‘a) in the Hawaiian Islands. We privilege seven habitation and shrine assemblages (mostly dating to late prehistory; i.e., post AD 1500s) situated along a ∼12-km length of the rocky windward coast of Moloka‘i, Hawaiian Islands, where some of the densest concentrations of urchins have been recorded from Oceania. We examined >185,000 urchin fragments weighing nearly 11.7 kg which, we believe, is the largest analyzed sample to date. Focusing primarily on the helmet urchin (Colobocentrotus atratus), found throughout the Indo-Pacific, we used a protocol for accurately calculating the minimum numbers of individuals using unique test (endoskeleton) plates and internal mouthparts, demonstrated the dietary importance of urchins for marine subsistence, constructed an allometric formula for calculating individual urchin size, and discussed the relevance of urchins for monitoring long-term human impacts to this important coastal resource. While the study sites contained overwhelmingly limpets (Cellana spp.), urchins supplied >80% fat and nearly 40% protein of some of the invertebrate assemblages. It was documented that slightly larger urchins were placed as offerings on a shrine in contrast to smaller individuals associated with habitation structures.