Three-dimensional modeling of frontal polymerization for rapid, efficient, and uniform thermoset composites manufacturing
Three-dimensional modeling of frontal polymerization for rapid, efficient, and uniform thermoset composites manufacturing
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111029
复制
发表时间：
2023-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Amirreza Tarafdar;Chen Jia;Weifei Hu;Ian D. Hosein;K. Fu;Yeqing Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amirreza Tarafdar;Chen Jia;Weifei Hu;Ian D. Hosein;K. Fu;Yeqing Wang
由于一维（1D）和二维（2D）模型在模拟具有多个纤维角（例如，交叉铺层、角铺层），对更能代表实际应用的三维（3D）域进行建模，为FP工艺的控制和优化提供了关键的指导。在本文中，子程序开发，实现了三维建模的FP在单向和正交铺层碳纤维层压板的有限元分析，这是与实验数据进行了验证。采用三维模型研究了触发方向与纤维方向的关系对FP过程的影响，这是传统的一维/二维模型无法研究的。我们的研究结果表明，在纤维方向上触发导致更高的前端速度，在与纤维垂直的方向上触发的情况下。此外，在交叉铺层的层压板中的平均前速度平均比在单向层压板中的低20-25%。当在平面内方向上使用两个相对的前部触发时，当两个前部合并时，交叉层片层压件中的热尖峰的最大温度比单向层压件中的热尖峰的最大温度低约100 °C。在交叉层压板中，随着前部在面内方向上传播，在厚度方向上形成倾斜图案，这与传统上在单向情况下观察到的均匀传播图案相反。此外，导热系数的影响进行了研究，使用两个额外的复合材料层压板玻璃（1.14 W/m·K）和凯夫拉纤维（0.04 W/m·K）。结果表明，随着导热系数的降低，前沿速度、固化度和热峰温度降低。
Due to the incapability of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) models in simulating the frontal polymerization (FP) process in laminated composites with multiple fiber angles (e.g.,cross-ply, angle-ply), modeling a three-dimensional (3D) domain, which is more representative of practical applications, provides critical guidance in the control and optimization of the FP process. In this paper, subroutines are developed to achieve the 3D modeling of FP in unidirectional and cross-ply carbon fiber laminates with finite element analysis, which are validated against the experimental data. The 3D model is employed to study the effect of triggering direction in relevance to the fiber direction on the FP process, which cannot be studied using traditional 1D/2D models. Our findings suggest that triggering in the fiber direction leads to a higher front velocity, in comparison to cases where front was triggered in the direction perpendicular to the fiber. Moreover, the average front velocity in cross-ply laminates is on average 20–25% lower than that in unidirectional laminates. When triggered using two opposite fronts in the in-plane direction, the maximum temperature of the thermal spike in the cross-ply laminate, when two fronts merge, is about 100 °C lower than that in the unidirectional laminate. In cross-ply laminates, a sloped pattern forms across the thickness direction as the front propagates in the in-plane direction, as opposed to the traditionally observed uniform propagation pattern in unidirectional cases. Furthermore, the effect of thermal conductivity is studied using two additional composite laminates with glass (1.14 W/m·K) and Kevlar fibers (0.04 W/m·K). It is shown that the frontal velocity, degree of cure, and the thermal spike temperature decrease as the thermal conductivity reduces.