Groundwater
Groundwater
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地下水
DOI：
10.1007/s12594-018-0890-1
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Subhajyoti Das
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Subhajyoti Das
这本精心编辑的书汇编了18篇由杰出的地下水科学家撰写的同行评审论文。这些文件详细阐述了该国普遍存在的各种地下水问题，这些问题象征着该国普遍存在的水管理方案，该国具有高度多样化的水文地质结构，从具有泉水排放和薄山谷填充物的崎岖喜马拉雅山麓，到具有高度潜在含水层的恒河冲积平原，侵蚀平原和具有有限地下水潜力的半岛盾牌高原，沿海冲积平原被盐水沃茨侵蚀，西北部的拉贾斯坦邦的干旱沙漠。降雨量，地球上的水源变化很大，从东北部和西高止山脉的> 2500毫米到拉贾斯坦邦的50毫米甚至更少。由于这些地区的地下水开发潜力和技术各不相同，其管理问题也各不相同，即过度开采和污染。这些新出现的危机引起了极大的关注，因为地下水是农村地区唯一的饮用水来源，也是主要的灌溉来源。占全国三分之一的半干旱和干旱易旱地区的情况更加严重，因为地表水普遍缺乏，使地下水受到严重压力。此外，人口增长和日益增加的发展活动，加上气候变化的变幻莫测，将对地表水产生最大影响，导致对水的需求不断增加，对现有资源造成严重压力。这导致过度开采，威尔斯井干涸，造成严重的水危机，阻碍经济增长。相比之下，在运河指挥部，运河水分配不公平，地下水利用不足，用水不节约，导致地下水位上升和水涝，对土壤生产力产生不利影响。由于不科学的人为活动，如过度使用农业化学品，排放未经处理的工业废水和城市废水沃茨，地下水污染也困扰着水的可用性。这对饮用水的供应和农业生产力产生了严重影响，需要进行科学的地下水管理，包括水源保护、雨水收集、人工补给和联合使用，简言之，就是综合水管理。这本书有一半的篇幅是关于地下水质量分析的。本书中的论文主要涉及该国典型水管理问题的案例研究，概述了传统方法与科学技术相结合的管理设计和解决方案，这些方法可在该国其他类似情况下复制。在这方面，关于加州水资源管理的论文（P. Prakash & VP Singh，第121页）作为学习者的示范练习具有特殊意义。加州是一个人口众多的州，以多样的生态系统、地形和地质以及高度可变的水资源而闻名。它也是美国最具生产力的农业州。丰水年和枯水年的地下水抽取量分别为35%和60%。无约束的地下水开采导致了水位下降、地面沉降等环境影响。在这种情况下，地下水管理需要满足环境和经济的需要，目标是地下水资源的长期可持续性。这是通过“优化地表水和地下水联合管理”和“地下水储备”实现的。一些其他文件在这本书中值得特别提及的是：1。NC Mondal，VP Singh et al.-Groundwater.
This well edited book compiles eighteen peer-reviewed papers written by eminent groundwater scientists. The papers are dwelling on a variety of groundwater problems symbolic of water management scenario prevalent in the country, which has a highly diverse hydrogeological set up, from rugged Himalayan foothills with spring discharges and thin valley-fills as source of water changing southwards to the Gangetic alluvial plains with highly potential aquifers, erosional plains and plateaus of Peninsular shield having limited groundwater potentials, coastal alluvial plains invaded by saline waters, and rain deficient desert lands of Rajasthan in the northwest. Rainfall, the source of water on earth varies widely from> 2500 mm in the northeast and over the Western Ghats to a mere 50 mm or even less in Rajasthan. As the groundwater development potentials and techniques vary in these terrains, so also its management problems, namely overexploitation and pollution. These emerging crises draw overwhelming concern as groundwater is the sole source of drinking water in the rural areas, and a major source of irrigation. The situation in the semiarid and arid drought-prone areas which account for one-third of the country, is all the more critical as the surface water scarcity is endemic, leaving groundwater highly stressed. Further, population growth and increasing development activities combined with climate change vagaries which will affect the surface water the most, lead to ever increasing water demand and severe strain on the available resources. This is resulting in overexploitation, drying up of wells causing acute water crisis responsible for stunted economic growth. In contrast, in the canal commands inequity in canal water distribution, meagre use of groundwater and lack of economy in water use have resulted in water table rise and water logging adversely affecting productivity of soil. Groundwater pollution, too, haunts usability of water due to unscientific anthropogenic activities like excessive use of agricultural chemicals, discharge of untreated industrial effluents, and municipal waste waters. This critically impacts drinking water availability and agricultural productivity, and calls for scientific groundwater management including water conservation, rainwater harvesting, artificial recharge and conjunctive use, in short integrated water management. Justifiably half of the book is devoted to groundwater quality analysis. The papers in this book mostly dwell on case studies of typical water management problems in the country outlining management designs and solutions with inputs of traditional methods combined with science and technology, which are replicable in similar other situations in the country. In this context the paper on water management of California (P. Prakash & VP Singh, p 121) is of special significance as a model exercise for learners. California is a populous state known for diverse ecosystems, topography and geology, and highly variable water resources. It is also most productive agricultural state of US. Groundwater abstraction varies between 35% and 60% in wet and dry years respectively. Unconstrained groundwater draft has led to decline of water level, land subsidence and other environmental impacts. In this prevailing situation groundwater management needs to address the needs of both environment and economy with the goal of long term groundwater resources sustainability. This has been achieved through “optimization of conjunctive management of surface and ground water”, and “groundwater banking”. Some of the other papers in the book which deserve special mention are: 1. NC Mondal, VP Singh et al.–Groundwater …