THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE HUMAN INFANT
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE HUMAN INFANT
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人类婴儿横向分化的发展
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41918.x
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发表时间：
1977
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
G. Turkewitz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Turkewitz
尽管人类结构和功能组织的横向差异早已被认识到，但直到最近，它们的普遍性和对心理发展组织的可能重要性才变得明显。除了人们日益认识到侧化的普遍性和潜在意义外，过去十年还积累了大量证据，表明结构和功能的侧向差异在早期就存在。年仅三到四岁的儿童2对双耳听力任务的反应方式与成人相似；他们对语言材料表现出右耳优势，对非语言材料表现出左耳优势。尽管有早期功能侧化的证据，但脑损伤的影响随着损伤年龄的变化而变化很大。在婴儿期和幼儿期（语言习得之前）遭受左半球损伤的个体可能表现出很少的（如果有的话）持久的语言障碍。 3 发生在两三岁儿童身上的类似损伤会导致一些语言障碍，此后残余语言丧失的程度随着受到侮辱的年龄而逐渐增加。直到九岁或十岁左右，才会出现明显的永久性语言功能障碍，并且仅与左半球损伤可靠相关 -4 这些数据可以解释为表明大脑不对称性直到两到三岁语言发育时才出现。然而，另一种解释是，大脑在生命的早期就已经偏侧化，但早期发育中的神经功能具有相当大的可塑性。多项调查支持后一种解释。从解剖学上讲，新生儿大脑表现出经典左半球言语区域的扩大，左侧颞平面比右侧大。596这种形态不对称早在妊娠第二十九周就可以检测到。还有电生理学证据表明婴儿早期存在功能不对称。9此外，还有大量行为证据表明新生儿对各种刺激的反应存在横向差异。已经发现，在生命的第一周，人类婴儿对触觉、7-9视觉1、10和刺激的反应是不对称的。当小艺术家的画笔触碰婴儿的嘴角时，他就会将头转向接触的方向。虽然同侧头部转动是特征性的
Although lateral differences in human structural and functional organization have long been recognized, only recently has their pervasiveness and possible importance for the organization of psychological development become apparent. In addition to the growing appreciation of the prevasiveness and potential significance of lateralization, the past decade has also seen the accumulation of considerable evidence indicating that lateral differences in structure and function are present at an early age. Children as young as three to four years of agel,2 respond to dichotic listening tasks in a manner that is similar to adults; they show a rightear superiority for verbal material and a left-ear superiority for nonverbal material. Despite this evidence of early functional lateralization the effects of cerebral injury vary considerably as a function of the age at which the injury is sustained. Individuals suffering left-hemisphere damage in infancy and early childhood (before language acquisition) may show little, if any lasting language impairment.3 Similar injuries occurring to twoor three-year olds result in some language impairment, and thereafter the extent of residual language loss increases progressively with age at insult. Not until around nine or ten years of age is obvious language dysfunction permanent and reliably associated only with injury to the left hemisphere -4 Such data can be interpreted as indicating that cerebral asymmetry does not develop until the time of language development at two to three years of age. However, an alternative interpretation is that the brain is lateralized very early in life, but that there is considerable plasticity in neural function in early development. Several lines of investigation support the latter interpretation. Anatomically, neonate brains exhibit an enlargement of classical left-hemisphere speech areas, with the left planum temporale larger than the right.596 This morphologic asymmetry is detectable as early as the twenty-ninth week of gestation. There is also electrophysiologic evidence for functional asymmetry during very early infancy.9 In addition there is considerable behavioral evidence for lateral differences in the newborn infant’s response to a variety of stimuli. It has been found that during the first week of life the human infant is asymmetric in his response to tactile,7-9 visua1,lO and stimulation. When the corner of an infant’s mouth is touched with a small artist’s paint brush, he turns his head in the direction of the contact. Although an ipsilateral head turn is the characteristic re-