Small Increments in Vitamin D Intake by Irish Adults over a Decade Show That Strategic Initiatives to Fortify the Food Supply Are Needed
Small Increments in Vitamin D Intake by Irish Adults over a Decade Show That Strategic Initiatives to Fortify the Food Supply Are Needed
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DOI：
10.3945/jn.114.209106
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Kiely, Mairead
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Black, Lucinda J.;Walton, Janette;Kiely, Mairead
背景：食物强化是增加维生素D摄入量和预防维生素D缺乏的有效方法。目的：研究10年间维生素D摄入量的长期趋势。方法：我们比较了1999年和2009年采用相同方法进行的两次具有代表性的全国膳食调查中18岁至年龄段成年人的维生素D摄入量。结果：维生素D的摄入量中位数从2.9ug/d(3.2)微升至3.5ug/d(平均值+/-SD，4.3+/-4.0至5.0+/-6.4微克)。从基础饮食中摄取的中位数(IQR)在1999年为2.3(1.6)微克/天，2009年为2.1(1.8)微克/天。2009年，维生素D补充剂使用者的IQR摄入量中位数分别为7.6(6.7)和8.7(7.2)微克/天，不足的患病率从67%下降到57%。虽然两次调查中维生素D补充剂的消费量相似(17%和16%)，但在50岁至的女性中，钙维生素D补充剂的使用率从3%上升到10%。强化食品消费的流行率也相似，在1999年和2009年，消费者维生素D摄入量的中位数分别为2.9(2.2)和3.7(2.9)微克/天。使用修改的维生素D成分数据对食品强化进行的数学建模表明，在分布的较低端有可能增加维生素D的摄入量，而不会增加超过可容忍的上限摄入量水平的风险。结论：我们报告了在关注维生素D的十年中，在自愿强化政策的背景下，爱尔兰成年人的维生素D摄入量略有增加。需要对食品供应中的维生素D进行战略管理，以产生可衡量的效益。
Background: Food fortification could be an effective method of increasing vitamin D intakes and preventing deficiency with minimal risk of excessive dosing.Objective: Secular trends in vitamin D intakes were examined over a 10-y period.Methods: We compared vitamin D intakes among 18- to 64-y-old adults from the base diet, fortified foods, and supplements in 2 nationally representative dietary surveys in 1999 and 2009 implemented using the same methodology.Results: There was a slight increase in the median (IQR) intake of vitamin D from 2.9 (3.2) to 3.5 (3.7) mu g/d (mean +/- SD, 4.3 +/- 4.0 to 5.0 +/- 6.4 mu g). The median (IQR) intake from the base diet was 2.3 (1.6) mu g/d in 1999 and 2.1 (1.8) mu g/d in 2009. In vitamin D supplement users, median (IQR) intakes were 7.6 (6.7) and 8.7 (7.2) mu g/d and the prevalence of inadequacy decreased from 67% to 57% in 2009. Although the consumption of vitamin D-containing supplements was similar in the 2 surveys (17% and 16%), the use of calcium-vitamin D supplements increased from 3% to 10% among women aged 50-64 y. The prevalence of fortified food consumption was also similar at 60%, and median (IQR) vitamin D intakes in consumers were 2.9 (2.2) and 3.7 (2.9) mu g/d in 1999 and 2009, respectively. Mathematical modeling of food fortification using modified vitamin D composition data showed that there is potential to increase vitamin D intakes at the lower end of the distribution, without increasing the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level.Conclusions: We report small increases in vitamin D intakes among Irish adults over a decade of focus on vitamin D and in the context of a voluntary fortification policy. Strategic management of vitamin D in the food supply is required to yield measurable benefits.