Endogenous Diterpenes Derived from ent-Kaurene, a Common Gibberellin Precursor, Regulate Protonema Differentiation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens
Endogenous Diterpenes Derived from ent-Kaurene, a Common Gibberellin Precursor, Regulate Protonema Differentiation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.110.157909
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Nozaki, Hiroshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hayashi, Ken-ichiro;Horie, Keisuke;Nozaki, Hiroshi
赤霉素（GAs）是一类由对映贝壳杉烯经对映贝壳杉烯酸生物合成的双萜类植物激素。GA普遍存在于种子植物中。GA信号通过GID 1 GA受体/DELLA阻遏物途径被感知和转导。石松卷柏生物合成GA并具有功能性的GID 1-DELLA信号传导组分。相比之下，没有GA或功能orthopathic GID 1-DELLA组件已被发现在藓小立碗藓。然而，P. patens产生对映贝壳杉烯，一种常见的GAs前体，并具有功能性对映贝壳杉烯合酶PpCPS/KS。为了评估对映贝壳杉烯在P. patens中的生物学作用，我们产生了不积累对映贝壳杉烯的PpCPS/KS破坏突变体。表型分析表明，该突变体在绿丝体向茎丝体的原丝体分化过程中存在缺陷。气相色谱-质谱分析表明，P. patens产生对映贝壳杉烯酸，对映贝壳杉烯代谢产物GA的生物合成途径。的表型缺陷的破坏恢复的应用程序的ent-kaurene或ent-kaurenoic酸，这表明ent-kaurenoic酸，或下游代谢产物，参与原丝体分化。用烯效唑（GA生物合成中对映贝壳杉烯氧化酶的抑制剂）处理，模仿PpCPS/KS突变体的原丝体表型，这也通过对映贝壳杉烯酸处理恢复。有趣的是，GA 9甲酯，蕨类植物的雄激素，拯救破坏突变体的原丝缺陷，而GA 3和GA 4，这两个都是活跃的GA在被子植物中，没有。我们的研究结果表明，苔藓P. patens利用二萜代谢产物作为内源性发育调节剂，并提供了深入了解GA功能的演变在陆地植物。
Gibberellins (GAs) are a group of diterpene-type plant hormones biosynthesized from ent-kaurene via ent-kaurenoic acid. GAs are ubiquitously present in seed plants. The GA signal is perceived and transduced by the GID1 GA receptor/DELLA repressor pathway. The lycopod Selaginella moellendorffii biosynthesizes GA and has functional GID1-DELLA signaling components. In contrast, no GAs or functionally orthologous GID1-DELLA components have been found in the moss Physcomitrella patens. However, P. patens produces ent-kaurene, a common precursor for GAs, and possesses a functional ent-kaurene synthase, PpCPS/KS. To assess the biological role of ent-kaurene in P. patens, we generated a PpCPS/KS disruption mutant that does not accumulate ent-kaurene. Phenotypic analysis demonstrates that the mutant has a defect in the protonemal differentiation of the chloronemata to caulonemata. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis shows that P. patens produces ent-kaurenoic acid, an ent-kaurene metabolite in the GA biosynthesis pathway. The phenotypic defect of the disruptant was recovered by the application of ent-kaurene or ent-kaurenoic acid, suggesting that ent-kaurenoic acid, or a downstream metabolite, is involved in protonemal differentiation. Treatment with uniconazole, an inhibitor of ent-kaurene oxidase in GA biosynthesis, mimics the protonemal phenotypes of the PpCPS/KS mutant, which were also restored by ent-kaurenoic acid treatment. Interestingly, the GA 9 methyl ester, a fern antheridiogen, rescued the protonemal defect of the disruption mutant, while GA 3 and GA 4, both of which are active GAs in angiosperms, did not. Our results suggest that the moss P. patens utilizes a diterpene metabolite from ent-kaurene as an endogenous developmental regulator and provide insights into the evolution of GA functions in land plants.