Technical and economic performance of residential solar water heating in the United States
Technical and economic performance of residential solar water heating in the United States
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DOI：
10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.016
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发表时间：
2011-10
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
H. Cassard;P. Denholm;S. Ong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Cassard;P. Denholm;S. Ong
本文研究了美国住宅屋顶太阳能热水（SWH）技术的区域，技术和经济性能，重点是SWH在美国消费者中的应用，目前使用电力进行热水，目前每年使用超过1200亿千瓦时。由于水加热使用，进水温度和太阳能资源的电能节约的变化进行了估计和应用，以确定该地区的“收支平衡”的太阳能热水器的生命周期成本等于生命周期的节能成本。对于一个典型的住宅消费者来说，SWH系统将减少50- 85%的水加热能源需求，或每年节省1600- 2600千瓦时。对于截至2008年为美国住宅客户提供服务的最大的1000家电力公司来说，这相当于每年节省约100美元至300美元以上的电费，反映了住宅电价的大幅度变化。电价的这个范围，沿着各种激励方案，对应于在美国SWH的盈亏平衡成本变化超过5倍（从小于$2250/系统到超过$10，000/系统，不包括夏威夷和阿拉斯加），尽管系统节省的能量的量的变化小得多（大约1.5倍）。我们还考虑了集热器面积和技术性能之间的关系，SWH价格和太阳能部分（SWH系统提供的每日能源需求的百分比），并检查盈亏平衡成本背后的关键驱动因素。
This paper examines the regional, technical, and economic performance of residential rooftop solar water heating (SWH) technology in the U.S. It focuses on the application of SWH to consumers in the U.S. currently using electricity for water heating, which currently uses over 120 billion kWh per year. The variation in electrical energy savings due to water heating use, inlet water temperature and solar resource is estimated and applied to determine the regional “break-even” cost of SWH where the life-cycle cost of SWH is equal the life-cycle energy savings. For a typical residential consumer, a SWH system will reduce water heating energy demand by 50–85%, or a savings of 1600–2600kWh per year. For the largest 1000 electric utilities serving residential customers in the United States as of 2008, this corresponds to an annual electric bill savings range of about $100 to over $300, reflecting the large range in residential electricity prices. This range in electricity prices, along with a variety of incentives programs corresponds to a break-even cost of SWH in the United States varying by more than a factor of five (from less than $2250/system to over $10,000/system excluding Hawaii and Alaska), despite a much smaller variation in the amount of energy saved by the systems (a factor of approximately one and a half). We also consider the relationships between collector area and technical performance, SWH price and solar fraction (percent of daily energy requirements supplied by the SWH system) and examine the key drivers behind break-even costs.