Mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase: the next stage.
Mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase: the next stage.
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DOI：
10.1021/cr400641x
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发表时间：
2014-04-23
期刊：
影响因子：
62.1
通讯作者：
Seefeldt, Lance C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hoffman, Brian M.;Lukoyanov, Dmitriy;Yang, Zhi-Yong;Dean, Dennis R.;Seefeldt, Lance C.
氮是维持生命所必需的许多生物分子中所含的基本元素。1，2这种元素在地球大气中以二氮（N2）气体的形式大量存在，但大多数生物无法代谢N2，因为它相对惰性。相反，大多数生物必须从“固定”形式获得氮，如氨（NH3）或硝酸盐（NO3−）。5− 7由于固定形式的氮不断地被封存在沉积物中，使其无法用于新陈代谢，而且由于它们也通过硝化和反硝化的组合过程不断地转化为N2，因此生命只能通过将N2转化为NH3来维持。6，7后一个过程被称为N2固定8，是生物地球化学N循环的关键步骤。5，7，9 N2固定以三种不同的方式发生：（i）通过地球化学过程，如闪电，9（ii）生物学上通过酶的作用，固氮酶，10，11只在一组选定的微生物中发现，12，13和（iii）工业上通过Haber-Bosch过程。从大约20亿年前固氮酶的进化开始，直到20世纪50年代Haber-Bosch过程的广泛使用，所有生命都从生物固氮中获得氮，地球化学过程对氮的贡献很小。
Nitrogen is an essential element contained in many biomolecules necessary to sustain life. 1, 2 This element is abundantly available in Earth’s atmosphere in the form of dinitrogen (N2) gas, yet most organisms are unable to metabolize N2 because it is relatively inert. 3, 4 Instead most organisms must obtain their N from “fixed” forms such as ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3−). 5− 7 Because fixed forms of N are continuously sequestered into sediments, rendering them unavailable for metabolism, and because they are also continuously converted to N2 through the combined processes of nitrification and denitrification, life can only be sustained by conversion of N2 to NH3. 6, 7 This latter process is known as N 2 fixation 8 and is a critical step in the biogeochemical N cycle. 5, 7, 9 N2 fixation occurs in three different ways:(i) through geochemical processes such as lightning, 9 (ii) biologically through the action of the enzyme, nitrogenase, 10, 11 found only in a select group of microorganisms, 12, 13 and (iii) industrially through the Haber− Bosch process. 2, 14, 15 From the evolution of nitrogenase, approximately two billion years ago 16 until the widespread use of the Haber− Bosch process in the 1950s, all life derived N from biological nitrogen fixation, with geochemical processes representing a minor contributor to the
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影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Barney, BM;Igarashi, RY;Seefeldt, LC
通讯作者：
Seefeldt, LC
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Barney, Brett M.;McClead, Jammi;Seefeldt, Lance C.
通讯作者：
Seefeldt, Lance C.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.56.3.979
发表时间：
1966-01-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
BULEN, WA;LECOMTE, JR
通讯作者：
LECOMTE, JR
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Barney, BM;Laryukhin, M;Seefeldt, LC
通讯作者：
Seefeldt, LC
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
CHAN, MK;KIM, JS;REES, DC
通讯作者：
REES, DC