The highly variable time evolution of star-forming cores identified with dendrograms

The highly variable time evolution of star-forming cores identified with dendrograms
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用树状图识别的恒星形成核心的高度可变的时间演化

DOI:
10.1093/mnras/staa2253
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
4.8
通讯作者:
Chen, Hope How-Huan
Chen, Hope How-Huan
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Smullen, Rachel A;Kratter, Kaitlin M;Offner, Stella S;Lee, Aaron T;Chen, Hope How-Huan

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我们使用树状图研究分子云模拟中识别出的致密核心的时间演化,树状图是在恒星形成模拟和观测中识别分层结构的常用工具。我们开发了一种算法,使用磁流体动力学模拟中的三维密度场将树状图结构随时间联系起来,从而为域中的所有致密核心创建历史。我们发现核心属性的总体分布在时间上相对不变,并且像核心质量函数这样的数量与观察结果相匹配。尽管存在这种一致性,但由于时间步之间树状图结构的重新定义,单个核心可能会经历较大(> 40%)的随机变化。这种变化的发生与环境和恒星含量无关。我们识别出一群短暂(<200 kyr)的密度过高的群体,它们伪装成密集的核心,可能占任何时间快照的百分比。最后,我们注意到在解释初始质量函数的起源时考虑核心的完整历史的重要性;我们发现,特别是对于包含多颗恒星的系统,快照中树状图叶子定义的核心质量通常小于最终系统的恒星质量。这项工作强调了不存在定义恒星形成核心的时间稳定的密度等值线。由于密度场的微小变化,树状图本身可以在时间步长之间引起显着的结构变化。因此,在比较不同年龄或环境特性的区域的树状图时必须谨慎,因为树状图结构的差异可能不仅仅来自致密核心的物理演化。
We investigate the time evolution of dense cores identified in molecular cloud simulations using dendrograms, which are a common tool to identify hierarchical structure in simulations and observations of star formation. We develop an algorithm to link dendrogram structures through time using the three-dimensional density field from magnetohydrodynamical simulations, thus creating histories for all dense cores in the domain. We find that the population-widedistributionsof core properties are relatively invariant in time, and quantities like the core mass function match with observations. Despite this consistency, anindividualcore may undergo large (>40 per cent), stochastic variations due to the redefinition of the dendrogram structure between time-steps. This variation occurs independent of environment and stellar content. We identify a population of short-lived (<200 kyr) overdensities masquerading as dense cores that may compriseper cent of any time snapshot. Finally, we note the importance of considering the full history of cores when interpreting the origin of the initial mass function; we find that, especially for systems containing multiple stars, the core mass defined by a dendrogram leaf in a snapshot is typically less than the final system stellar mass. This work reinforces that there is no time-stable density contour that defines a star-forming core. The dendrogram itself can induce significant structure variation between time-steps due to small changes in the density field. Thus, one must use caution when comparing dendrograms of regions with different ages or environment properties because differences in dendrogram structure may not come solely from the physical evolution of dense cores.
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