First direct observation of coseismic slip and seafloor rupture along a submarine normal fault and implications for fault slip history

First direct observation of coseismic slip and seafloor rupture along a submarine normal fault and implications for fault slip history
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首次直接观察沿海底正断层的同震滑动和海底破裂及其对断层滑动历史的影响

DOI:
10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.024
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发表时间:
2016
影响因子:
5.3
通讯作者:
Escartín J
Escartín J
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Escartín J

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正确评估与大地震相关的断层破裂的范围和震级对于理解断层行为和相关灾害至关重要。海底断层可以引发海啸,其特征由海底位移的几何形状定义,主要通过间接观测进行研究(例如,地震同相轴参数、地震剖面、船载测深、取芯)而不是直接测量。利用深海潜水器,我们首次在小安的列斯群岛Roseau断层沿着的海底断层面上识别出同震滑动的标志,并测量了其垂直位移为0.9min。我们还绘制了上盘沉积物最近的裂缝和断层,沿着近断层基底的3km断裂,并记录了陡坎内和下坡侵蚀和沉积的重新激活。这些变形结构是由2004年Mw6.3的Les Saintes地震引起的,该地震引发了随后的海啸。他们的特点通知估计地震复发在这个故障,并提供了新的约束断层破裂的几何形状,这是既短,showerslocally更大的同震位移比现有的模型预测,缺乏现场的限制。这种详细的实地观察加上近海底地球物理测量的方法可以很容易地应用于许多海底断层系统,并应证明在所有地球动力学背景下的地震和海啸危险的评估有用。
Properly assessing the extent and magnitude of fault ruptures associated with large earthquakes is critical for understanding fault behavior and associated hazard. Submarine faults can trigger tsunamis, whose characteristics are defined by the geometry of seafloor displacement, studied primarily through indirect observations (e.g., seismic event parameters, seismic profiles, shipboard bathymetry, coring) rather than direct ones. Using deep-sea vehicles, we identify for the first time a marker of coseismic slip on a submarine fault plane along the Roseau Fault (Lesser Antilles), and measure its vertical displacement of ∼0.9min situ. We also map recent fissuring and faulting of sediments on the hangingwall, along ∼3km of rupture in close proximity to the fault’s base, and document the reactivation of erosion and sedimentation within and downslope of the scarp. These deformation structures were caused by the 2004Mw6.3 Les Saintes earthquake, which triggered a subsequent tsunami. Their characterization informs estimates of earthquake recurrence on this fault and provides new constraints on the geometry of fault rupture, which is both shorter and displayslocally larger coseismic displacements than available model predictions that lack field constraints. This methodology of detailed field observations coupled with near-bottom geophysical surveying can be readily applied to numerous submarine fault systems, and should prove useful in evaluating seismic and tsunamigenic hazard in all geodynamic contexts.
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