PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY - OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES
PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY - OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/01419870.1983.9993405
复制
发表时间：
1983-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
LAL, BB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LAL, BB
在这篇论文中，最近关于种族的文章被用来阐明两种观点之间的区别。第一种是我称之为“真正文化”的种族观点。第二种观点认为种族是一种分层现象，是一种追求利益的策略。然后有人认为，目前正在使用的这两种观点，在罗伯特·e·帕克和WI·托马斯的工作中都有预示。两人都是本世纪初芝加哥大学杰出的社会学家，他们深入研究了移民的“美国化”以及黑人和白人之间的冲突和适应模式，特别是在芝加哥等北方城市。我认为帕克和托马斯认为种族既是一种真正的文化，也是一种分层现象。他们接着指出了“种族悖论”：对种族作为真正文化的承诺，通过促使参与不同的移民机构，提高了移民群体在更广泛的美国社区中竞争资源的效率，并最终实现更充分地融入其主导机构。然而，他们也预测旧世界遗产和“民间”文化将屈服于新兴城市文化的同质化影响。在本文的最后一节，我研究了这一预测没有得到证实的原因。我介绍了两个新概念，“自愿种族”和“强制种族”，作为这一解释的组成部分。我还注意到，在社会流动机会增加的快速社会变革时期，民族身份的自觉创造似乎是一种现象，不仅发生在美国，而且也发生在印度等其他社会，因此，对这一过程的进一步研究可能有助于分层的比较社会学。
In this paper recent writings about ethnicity are used to illuminate a distinction between two perspectives. The first is what I call the perspective on ethnicity as' genuine culture'. The second sees ethnicity as a stratification phenomenon, that is as a strategy for pursuing interests. It is then argued that both perspectives, which are currently in use, were foreshadowed in the work of Robert E. Park and WI Thomas. Both were prominent sociologists at the University of Chicago during the early part of this century, and, were deeply involved in the study of the'Americanization'of immigrants and the pattern of conflict and accommodation between blacks and whites, especially in Northern cities such as Chicago. I contend that Park and Thomas saw ethnicity both as genuine culture and as a stratification phenomenon. Theywent on to identify the'ethnicity paradox*: that a commitment to ethnicity as genuine culture, by causing participation in separate immigrant institutions, increased the effectiveness with which immigrant groups were able to compete for resources in the wider American community, and ultimately to achieve fuller integration into its dominant institutions. However, they also predicted that old world heritages and'folk'cultures would succumb to the homogenizing influences of an emergent culture of cities.In the final section of this paper I examine the reasons why this prediction has not been borne out. I introduce two new concepts,'ethnicity by consent'and'compulsory ethnicity', as integral parts of this explanation. I also note that the self-conscious creation of ethnic identities, characteristic of periods of rapid social change in which there are increased opportunities for social mobility, appears to be a phenomenon which has occurred not only in the United States but also in other societies such as India, and as such, that the further study of this process might contribute to a comparative sociology of stratification.