Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Efflux from Permanent, Semi-Permanent, and Temporary Subalpine Ponds
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Efflux from Permanent, Semi-Permanent, and Temporary Subalpine Ponds
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永久、半永久和临时亚高山池塘的二氧化碳浓度和流出量
DOI：
10.1007/s13157-019-01140-3
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Wissinger, Scott A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DelVecchia, Amanda Gay;Balik, Jared A.;Campbell, Susan K.;Taylor, Brad W.;West, Derek C.;Wissinger, Scott A.
与小池塘的面积相比，小池塘占二氧化碳排放量的比例高得不成比例。因此，了解这些池塘中的碳流对完善当前的全球碳收支至关重要，特别是因为气候变化正在影响池塘水文。随着融雪时间的推进，科罗拉多州西部麋鹿山脉的高海拔池塘越来越频繁地干涸。我们比较了2017年开放水域期间不同水期池塘之间的CO2浓度和通量。CO2浓度与池塘深度呈显著负相关，平均为77.6 ± 24.5molμ−-1( ± S.E.)在所有池塘和采样事件中。池塘在二氧化碳中相对于大气的过饱和程度高达20倍。通量在单个池塘内变化很大，但与采样时间相关，夜间最高。在所有池塘和采样事件中，通量平均值为19.7 ± 18.8 mg CO_2m−2小时−1。我们还比较了用模型方法和经验方法得到的通量值，发现广泛应用的气体交换率模型使用基于风的气体交换(K)值得到的CO2通量估计值显著高于使用浮室方法获得的估计值，但使用基于全球平均对流的K值得到的CO2通量估计值低于使用浮室方法得到的估计值。最后，我们将土壤和水的外流测量与水文学的长期模式相结合，以预测在这些系统中已经发生的更快的干燥制度和更长的季节下，整个季节的外流可能会如何变化。由于土壤CO2流出量平均为277.0 ± 49.0 mg CO2m−2 h−1，因此在2017年从结冰到复冻的整个过程中，临时池塘排放了674.1 ± 99.4万kg CO2m−2，是永久性池塘和半永久性池塘的两倍多。我们的结果强调，来自小池塘的二氧化碳对全球碳收支估计的贡献将随池塘水期和采样方法的不同而不同，这一点被忽视了，因为以前的大多数估计都是从有限的采样期收集的，并且仅从池塘水域收集。此外，随着池塘区域从水的排放物向土壤的排放物转变，池塘二氧化碳的贡献预计将随着时间的推移而增加。
Small ponds account for a disproportionately high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions relative to their small surface area. It is therefore crucial to understand carbon flow in these ponds to refine the current global carbon budget, especially because climate change is affecting pond hydrology. High elevation ponds in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado are drying more frequently as the timing of snowmelt advances. We compared CO2concentrations and fluxes among ponds of different hydroperiods over diel sampling periods during the course of the 2017 open-water period. CO2concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with pond depth and averaged 77.6 ± 24.5 μmol L−1(mean ± S.E.) across all ponds and sampling events. Ponds were up to twenty times supersaturated in CO2with respect to the atmosphere. Flux was highly variable within individual ponds but correlated with time of sampling and was highest at night. Flux averaged 19.7 ± 18.8 mg CO2m−2h−1across all ponds and sampling events. We also compared flux values obtained using modeled and empirical methods and found that widely-applied models of gas exchange rates using wind-based gas exchange (K) values yielded estimates of CO2flux that were significantly higher than those obtained using the floating chamber approach, but estimates of CO2flux using globally averaged convection-based K values were lower than those obtained using the floating chambers. Lastly, we integrated soil vs. water efflux measurements with long-term patterns in hydrology to predict how total season-long efflux might change under the more rapid drying regimes and longer seasons that are already occurring in these systems. Because soil CO2efflux averaged 277.0 ± 49.0 mg CO2m−2h−1, temporary ponds emitted 674.1 ± 99.4 kg CO2m−2over the course of the 2017 season from ice-out to refreezing, which was over twice as much as permanent and semi-permanent ponds. Our results emphasize that contributions of CO2from small ponds to the global carbon budget estimates will vary with pond hydroperiod and sampling methodology, which have been overlooked given that most previous estimates were collected from limited sampling periods and from pond waters alone. Furthermore, pond CO2contributions are predicted to increase over time as pond areas transition from efflux from water to efflux from soil.
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