Production of copropophyrin III, biliverdin and bilirubin by the rufomycin producer, Streptomyces atratus.
Production of copropophyrin III, biliverdin and bilirubin by the rufomycin producer, Streptomyces atratus.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1092166
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
5.2
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中科院分区：
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血红素最为人所知的是其作为原核和真核蛋白质中的多功能辅基的作用，具有多种生物功能，包括气体和电子传递，以及广泛的氧化还原化学。然而，游离血红素和相关的四吡咯在细胞中也具有重要作用。在一些细菌菌株中，血红素生物合成前体和降解产物已被提出作为信号分子，离子螯合剂，抗氧化剂和光保护剂。虽然细菌病原体对血红素的吸收和降解得到了很好的研究，但对这些过程及其产物在非病原性细菌中的生理作用了解较少。链霉菌是生长缓慢的土壤细菌，以其产生复杂次级代谢产物的非凡能力而闻名，特别是许多临床使用的抗生素。在这里，我们报告的明确识别三个四吡咯代谢物血红素代谢，粪卟啉III，胆绿素和胆红素，在培养提取物的红霉素抗生素生产链霉菌atratus DSM 41673。我们建议，胆绿素和胆红素可能会对抗氧化应激诱导的一氧化氮生产过程中红霉素的生物合成，并指出参与其生产的基因。据我们所知，这是第一次报告的生产所有这三个四吡咯链霉菌。
Heme is best known for its role as a versatile prosthetic group in prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins with diverse biological functions including gas and electron transport, as well as a wide array of redox chemistry. However, free heme and related tetrapyrroles also have important roles in the cell. In several bacterial strains, heme biosynthetic precursors and degradation products have been proposed to function as signaling molecules, ion chelators, antioxidants and photoprotectants. While the uptake and degradation of heme by bacterial pathogens is well studied, less is understood about the physiological role of these processes and their products in non-pathogenic bacteria. Streptomyces are slow growing soil bacteria known for their extraordinary capacity to produce complex secondary metabolites, particularly many clinically used antibiotics. Here we report the unambiguous identification of three tetrapyrrole metabolites from heme metabolism, coproporphyrin III, biliverdin and bilirubin, in culture extracts of the rufomycin antibiotic producing Streptomyces atratus DSM41673. We propose that biliverdin and bilirubin may combat oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide production during rufomycin biosynthesis, and indicate the genes involved in their production. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the production of all three of these tetrapyrroles by a Streptomycete.