Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the Pacific Island Region: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs
Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the Pacific Island Region: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide-spread implementation of LMMAs
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发表时间：
2009
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通讯作者：
H. Govan
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作者：
H. Govan
在过去十年中，南太平洋经历了海洋管理区的显著激增。这些保护区由横跨15个独立国家和领土的500多个社区实施，是一项独特的全球成就。国家一级正在制定的办法建立在该区域的一个独特特点、习惯保有权和资源获取的基础上，并在大多数情况下利用社区在传统知识和治理方面的现有优势，再加上当地对需要采取行动的认识，从而形成了最贴切的地方管理海洋区域。在大多数情况下，主要驱动力是社区维持或改善生计的愿望，这往往与人们认为的对粮食安全或当地经济收入的威胁有关。在南太平洋，养护和可持续利用往往被视为传统环境管理的幸存概念的一部分，不可分割。美拉尼西亚和波利尼西亚向以社区为基础的资源管理转变的程度在全球范围内是史无前例的，也是本报告的主题。LMMA和基于社区的资源管理的好处很多。尤其是，社区坊间传闻称，禁区内的海洋资源迅速而可观地增加。现在也有越来越多的技术文献似乎证实了这些观察结果，甚至证实了这种情况可能发生的速度，这些增加似乎可能反映出对这些地区生物多样性的积极影响。关于重大渔业影响的证据较少，例如上岸量或单位努力渔获量的增加，这可能反映出这种影响需要更长的时间才能观察到。这些以社区为基础的管理方法取得成功之际，该区域正面临粮食安全、生物多样性和适应气候变化的巨大挑战。南太平洋的人口预计将在未来30年翻一番。再加上国家经济表现不佳，以及由于经济机会的分配和获得造成的不平等日益加剧，导致大多数独立国家出现与贫困有关的问题，并对自然资源造成越来越大的压力，导致生物多样性和谋生机会受到侵蚀，从而越来越多地导致冲突以及法律和秩序问题。对渔业的依赖似乎可能引发一场相当大的危机，特别是在美拉尼西亚，那里的人口高增长，主要是农村人口，几乎没有其他经济选择，预计粮食需求远远超过沿海地区目前可能生产的粮食，而管理和生产力没有显著改善。这些压力已经对生物多样性和生态系统完整性造成了损害，这一点令人极为关切，因为太平洋区域是世界上生物多样性或物种丰富(即特有)的中心之一，拥有最广泛的珊瑚礁系统。各国正试图管理广阔的海岸线，其规模可与发达国家相媲美，但这方面的预算几乎微不足道，因此，需要低成本、可自我维持的管理办法。本研究的一项主要成果是编制了一份关于土地管理和管理措施的区域清单，借鉴并补充了以前的两项尝试。在研究之前收集的数据似乎极不稳定，普遍报告了活跃的社区保护区，并因不活跃或不适当的地点而极大地扩大了MMA的覆盖面，特别是在汤加、巴布亚新几内亚和所罗门群岛。将本研究期间收集的截至2008年1月的数据与世界保护区数据库(WDPA)提供的数据进行了比较，并用这些数据取代了“官方”国家清单(除汤加、库克群岛、新喀里多尼亚和法属波利尼西亚外，没有其他国家清单)。结果表明，对保护区采取地方管理办法实际上是目前在太平洋岛屿区域独立国家积极推行的海洋管理区的唯一办法。大多数国家没有保存最新的国家清单，迄今为止一直依赖于自愿提交给世界发展议程的数据。鉴于在全球保护区数据库中发现的不一致之处，本清单中收集的LMMA数字提供了目前约30,000平方公里的MMA覆盖范围的最佳情况。
The South Pacific has experienced a remarkable proliferation of Marine Managed Areas in the last decade. These protected areas, implemented by over 500 communities spanning 15 independent countries and territories represent a unique global achievement. The approaches being developed at national levels are built on a unique feature of the region, customary tenure and resource access, and make use of, in most cases, existing community strengths in traditional knowledge and governance, combined with a local awareness of the need for action, resulting in what have been most aptly termed Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). The main driver in most cases, is a community desire to maintain or improve livelihoods, often related to perceived threats to food security or local economic revenue. In the South Pacific, conservation and sustainable use are often seen as inseparable as part of the surviving concepts of traditional environmental stewardship. The extent of this shift towards Community Based Resource Management in Melanesia and Polynesia is unprecedented on a global scale and is the subject of this report. The benefits of LMMAs and community-based resource management are many. Not least, communities anecdotally report rapid and appreciable increases of marine resources within closed areas. There is also now an increasing body of technical literature which seems to confirm these observations and indeed the potential speed at which this may occur, and these increases seem likely to reflect positive impacts on the biodiversity within these areas. Evidence for significant fishery impacts such as increased landings or catch per unit effort is scarcer, possibly reflecting a greater time period required for such impacts to be observable. The success of these community based management approaches comes at a time when the region faces enormous challenges to food security, biodiversity and adaptation to climate change. The population in the South Pacific is projected to double in the next 30 years. This combined with poor performance of national economies and growing inequalities due to the distribution and access to economic opportunities is leading to problems associated with poverty in most of the independent countries and increased pressure on natural resources leading to erosion of biodiversity and livelihood opportunities, increasingly resulting in conflict and law and order problems. The dependency on fisheries seems likely to spark a crisis of considerable proportions, particularly in Melanesia where high population growth and predominantly rural populations with few economic alternatives have projected food requirements well in excess of what coastal areas are currently likely to produce without significant improvements in management and productivity. These pressures are already taking their toll on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity, which is of great concern as the Pacific region is one of the world’s centres of biodiversity, or species richness (i.e. endemism), possessing the most extensive coral reef systems. Countries are attempting to manage vast tracks of coastline comparable in extent to those in developed neighbours but with virtually insignificant budgets for this purpose, consequently, low cost self-sustaining management options are required. A regional inventory of LMMAs has been compiled as a main output of the current study, drawing on and complementing two previous attempts. Data captured prior to the study appears to be extremely variable, generally under-reporting active Community Conserved Areas (CCAs) and vastly inflating MMA coverage with inactive or inappropriate sites, particularly in Tonga, PNG and Solomon Islands. Data captured during the present study, current up to January 2008, was compared with data provided by the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) and used in place of “official” country lists (which were lacking except for Tonga, Cook Islands, New Caledonia and French Polynesia). The results show that a locally managed approach to protected areas is virtually the only approach to Marine Managed Areas (MMAs) actively pursued at present in the independent countries of the Pacific Islands Region. Most countries do not maintain an up to date national list and hitherto reliance has been on data voluntarily submitted to the WDPA. Given the discrepancies detected in global PA databases, the figures for LMMAs collected in this inventory provide the best picture of current MMA coverage of some 30,000 km2.