A statistically rigorous sampling design to integrate avian monitoring and management within Bird Conservation Regions
A statistically rigorous sampling design to integrate avian monitoring and management within Bird Conservation Regions
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统计上严格的抽样设计，将鸟类保护区内的鸟类监测和管理结合起来
作者：
David C. Pavlacky;P. Lukacs;J. Blakesley;Robert C. Skorkowsky;David S. Klute;Beth A. Hahn;Victoria J. Dreitz;T. L. George;David J. Hanni
监测是野生动物管理和保护的重要组成部分。然而，监测数据的有用性往往受到以下因素的影响：1)组织和区域间的协调；2)有意义的管理和保护目标；3)严格的抽样设计。尽管已经讨论了许多改进鸟类监测的方法，但这些建议在大规模项目中出现的速度很慢。为了克服上述限制，我们推出了鸟类保护区综合监测（IMBCR）计划。我们的目标是概述一种统计上可辩护的抽样设计的发展，以增加大规模监测数据的价值，并提供示例应用，以证明该设计满足多种保护和管理目标的能力。我们概述了IMBCR计划的采样过程，重点是荒地和草原鸟类保护区（BCR 17）。我们在BCR 17中以布鲁氏麻雀（Spizella breweri）为例，展示了该设计的能力：1)确定分层种群对景观变化的响应；2)估计分层栖息地关系，以预测布鲁氏麻雀在多个空间尺度上对保护措施的响应。跨组织和区域的协作通过在大空间尺度上利用公共数据平台来促进监测资源的有效利用，从而提供了规模经济。我们设计了IMBCR计划，以满足参与伙伴组织的信息需求和核心保护与管理目标。尽管有人认为概率抽样设计不适合大规模监测，但IMBCR计划为实施从局部到生物区域尺度的统计上站得住脚的抽样设计提供了先例。我们证明，将保护和管理目标与严格的统计设计和分析相结合，可以确保有关鸟类种群的可靠知识，这些知识与多个尺度的鸟类保护相关且不可或缺。
Monitoring is an essential component of wildlife management and conservation. However, the usefulness of monitoring data is often undermined by the lack of 1) coordination across organizations and regions, 2) meaningful management and conservation objectives, and 3) rigorous sampling designs. Although many improvements to avian monitoring have been discussed, the recommendations have been slow to emerge in large-scale programs. We introduce the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions (IMBCR) program designed to overcome the above limitations. Our objectives are to outline the development of a statistically defensible sampling design to increase the value of large-scale monitoring data and provide example applications to demonstrate the ability of the design to meet multiple conservation and management objectives. We outline the sampling process for the IMBCR program with a focus on the Badlands and Prairies Bird Conservation Region (BCR 17). We provide two examples for the Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri) in BCR 17 demonstrating the ability of the design to 1) determine hierarchical population responses to landscape change and 2) estimate hierarchical habitat relationships to predict the response of the Brewer’s sparrow to conservation efforts at multiple spatial scales. The collaboration across organizations and regions provided economy of scale by leveraging a common data platform over large spatial scales to promote the efficient use of monitoring resources. We designed the IMBCR program to address the information needs and core conservation and management objectives of the participating partner organizations. Although it has been argued that probabilistic sampling designs are not practical for large-scale monitoring, the IMBCR program provides a precedent for implementing a statistically defensible sampling design from local to bioregional scales. We demonstrate that integrating conservation and management objectives with rigorous statistical design and analyses ensures reliable knowledge about bird populations that is relevant and integral to bird conservation at multiple scales.