Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle
Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle
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DOI：
10.1016/j.trf.2014.09.005
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发表时间：
2014-11-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Carsten, Oliver M. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Merat, Natasha;Jamson, A. Hamish;Carsten, Oliver M. J.
驾驶模拟器研究旨在调查驾驶员在两种情况下从高度自动化车辆恢复控制的能力：(i) 当自动化关闭并且需要基于系统的定期手动控制时；(ii) 当根据驾驶员将视线从前方道路上移开的时间长度过渡到手动控制时。除了研究驾驶员从自动化系统成功恢复控制所需的时间之外，还使用眼动追踪数据来观察在两种情况下恢复手动控制时对周围环境的视觉注意力以及驾驶员的眼睛注视模式。结果显示，如果自动驾驶系统关闭后，驾驶员的眼球运动注视模式在一段时间内仍然存在变化，如果脱离实际上是基于驾驶员对前方道路的分心的话。当脱离更加可预测且基于系统时，驾驶员对道路中心的注意力会更高且更稳定。经过大约 10 秒的滞后后，当向手动控制的过渡是可预测的并且基于固定时间时，驾驶员对驾驶和转向校正的横向控制（分别通过 SDLP 和转向的高频分量测量）更加稳定。无论自动转换为手动是基于固定间隔还是可变间隔，驾驶员都需要大约 35-40 秒才能稳定车辆的横向控制。这项研究的结果表明，如果驾驶员由于在有限的自动驾驶情况下（3 级自动化）对车辆的控制而脱离了循环，那么如果他们期望自动化关闭，他们重新获得车辆控制的能力会更好。由于定期脱离自动化并不是让驾驶员了解情况的特别实用方法，因此未来的研究应考虑如何最好地告知驾驶员他们有义务从自动化系统恢复驾驶控制。 (C) 2014 年作者。由 Elsevier Ltd 出版。这是一篇遵循 CC BY-NC-ND 许可证 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) 的开放获取文章。
A driving simulator study was designed to investigate drivers' ability to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in two conditions: (i) when automation was switched off and manual control was required at a system-based, regular interval and (ii) when transition to manual was based on the length of time drivers were looking away from the road ahead. In addition to studying the time it took drivers to successfully resume control from the automated system, eye tracking data were used to observe visual attention to the surrounding environment and the pattern of drivers' eye fixations as manual control was resumed in the two conditions. Results showed that drivers' pattern of eye movement fixations remained variable for some time after automation was switched off, if disengagement was actually based on drivers' distractions away from the road ahead. When disengagement was more predictable and system-based, drivers' attention towards the road centre was higher and more stable. Following a lag of around 10 s, drivers' lateral control of driving and steering corrections (as measured by SDLP and high frequency component of steering, respectively) were more stable when transition to manual control was predictable and based on a fixed time. Whether automation transition to manual was based on a fixed or variable interval, it took drivers around 35-40 s to stabilise their lateral control of the vehicle. The results of this study indicate that if drivers are out of the loop due to control of the vehicle in a limited self-driving situation (Level 3 automation), their ability to regain control of the vehicle is better if they are expecting automation to be switched off. As regular disengagement of automation is not a particularly practical method for keeping drivers in the loop, future research should consider how to best inform drivers of their obligation to resume control of driving from an automated system. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).