Recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and management of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in elephants in human care
Recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and management of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in elephants in human care
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DOI：
10.1111/izy.12221
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发表时间：
2019-07-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wiedner, E. B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Backues, K. A.;Wiedner, E. B.
非洲象 Loxodonta africana 和亚洲象 Elephas maximus 都容易感染结核分枝杆菌 (Mtb)。数千年来，亚洲象与亚洲分布国家的人类密切合作，这种密切的伙伴关系可能是亚洲象接触这种人类疾病的原因。直到 1996 年美国大象饲养设施启动测试计划后，现代兽医才确认大象体内存在结核分枝杆菌感染。在撰写本文时，结核分枝杆菌被认为是一种主要感染动物园中亚洲象的疾病。然而，最近在亚洲和非洲的几种自由放养大象中发现的结核病表明，这种疾病可能会在这些物种的受威胁野生种群中出现，这可能会进一步阻碍野生大象在一些自由放养种群中的生存。大象疾病的生前诊断正在改进，但仍然具有挑战性。在人类和大象密切互动的地方，通过预防结核分枝杆菌接触来保护人类和大象的健康必须成为预防医学策略的一部分。许多机构已经完成了对感染结核杆菌的大象的治疗，并取得了一些有希望的结果。然而，仍然存在许多挑战，包括药物治疗的副作用以及大象对药物管理的依从性差。不一致的治疗可能会导致细菌对抗生素产生耐药性。简要概述了人类护理大象结核分枝杆菌的诊断、治疗和管理。
African elephants Loxodonta africana and Asian elephants Elephas maximus are both susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The Asian elephant has lived in close association with humans in Asian range countries for thousands of years and this close partnership is likely responsible for the exposure of the Asian elephant to this human disease. The confirmation by modern veterinary medicine of the existence of Mtb infection in elephants has only occurred recently after a testing programme was initiated in 1996 in elephant-holding facilities in the United States. At the time of writing, Mtb is recognized as a disease primarily of Asian elephants in zoos. However, recent identification of tuberculosis in several free-ranging elephants, both Asian and African, indicates that the disease may be emerging in the threatened wild populations of these species, which may further hinder the survival of wild elephants in some free-ranging populations. Ante-mortem diagnosis of the disease in elephants is improving but remains challenging. Protecting both human and elephant health via prevention of Mtb exposure must be part of a preventative-medicine strategy wherever humans and elephants closely interact. Treatment of Mtb-infected elephants has been accomplished by many facilities with some promising results. However, many challenges remain, including the side effects of drug therapies and poor compliance to medication administration by the elephant. Inconsistent treatment may potentially result in the bacterium developing resistance to the antibiotics. A brief overview of the diagnosis, treatment and management of Mtb in elephants in human care is provided.