Building preparedness in response to active shooter incidents: Results of focus group interviews
Building preparedness in response to active shooter incidents: Results of focus group interviews
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101617
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发表时间：
2020-09
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Runhe Zhu;Gale M. Lucas;B. Becerik-Gerber;Erroll Southers
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Runhe Zhu;Gale M. Lucas;B. Becerik-Gerber;Erroll Southers
枪击事件对美国社会构成越来越大的威胁。这些事件中有许多发生在建筑环境中，因此，重要的是要考虑建筑物中的设计和安全元素，以降低主动射击事件的风险。本研究旨在评估当前的安全对策，并确定与实施这些对策相关的各种考虑因素。15名参与者参加了三次重点小组访谈，他们具有不同的业务和组织背景，包括安全、工程、执法、应急管理和决策方面的专门知识和经验。与会者确定了一系列用于主动射击事件的对策。对策的有效性的重要决定因素包括他们对居住者的行为在积极的射手事件的影响，以及居住者和管理员的意识，如何有效地使用它们。事件的性质（例如，内部与外部威胁），建筑物类型（例如，办公楼对学校建筑），以及居住者（例如，不同年龄的学生）也被认为会影响适当对策的选择。还讨论了应急准备与正常业务之间的关系，以及权衡的重要性，如成本、美观、维修需要和对居住者日常活动的影响之间的权衡。为了确保对策的有效性并提高安全性，与会者强调了培训和实践对居住者和管理员的重要性（例如，第一反应队）。访谈结果表明，需要进一步研究安全对策与居住者和管理者的反应之间的关系，以及有效的培训方法。
Active shooter incidents present an increasing threat to the American society. Many of these incidents occur in building environments, therefore, it is important to consider design and security elements in buildings to decrease the risk of active shooter incidents. This study aims to assess current security countermeasures and identify varying considerations associated with implementing these countermeasures. Fifteen participants, with expertise and experience in a diverse collection of operational and organizational backgrounds, including security, engineering, law enforcement, emergency management and policy making, participated in three focus group interviews. The participants identified a list of countermeasures that have been used for active shooter incidents. Important determinants for the effectiveness of countermeasures include their influence on occupants' behavior during active shooter incidents, and occupants' and administrators' awareness of how to use them effectively. The nature of incidents (e.g., internal vs. external threats), building type (e.g., office buildings vs. school buildings), and occupants (e.g., students of different ages) were also recognized to affect the selection of appropriate countermeasures. The nexus between emergency preparedness and normal operations, and the importance of tradeoffs such as the ones between cost, aesthetics, maintenance needs and the influence on occupants' daily activities were also discussed. To ensure the effectiveness of countermeasures and improve safety, the participants highlighted the importance of both training and practice, for occupants and administrators (e.g., first responder teams). The interview results suggested that further study of the relationship between security countermeasures and occupants' and administrators’ responses, as well as efficient training approaches are needed.