Sexual dimorphism in the visual system of flies: The free flight behaviour of male bibionidae (Diptera)
Sexual dimorphism in the visual system of flies: The free flight behaviour of male bibionidae (Diptera)
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苍蝇视觉系统的性别二态性：雄性双翅目苍蝇的自由飞行行为
DOI：
10.1007/bf00605028
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Zeil
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Zeil
摘要1.在野外用两台相机以50帧/秒的速度同时拍摄了双翅目雄蜂的自由飞行行为。描述了一种方法，该方法允许从两个电影中重建苍蝇的三维轨迹。5-8; 10a）。它们保持指向风并通过平移运动（向前、侧向和垂直运动）控制飞行方向和它们相对于目标的位置（图9;图16 b-d）。角跟踪是最小的，然而，有证据表明，苍蝇滚动和俯仰。3.当与目标相互作用时，苍蝇保持目标的图像接近和在其背侧复眼的双眼视觉区内（图1和图2）。3; 10c）。有证据表明，苍蝇的侧向加速度是由误差角速度决定的，延迟为90 ms（图12）。在目标下方，果蝇以3-5 Hz的频率进行横向振荡（图13）。在近距离（0-20厘米），它们的垂直和向前速度与目标距离呈线性关系（图1和图2）。14 a、15 a）。每当目标从背眼视野中消失时，就会发生从上升飞行到下降飞行的切换。5.向前和垂直速度在某种程度上取决于目标在苍蝇地平线以上的高度（图2）。6.只有刺激腹侧眼才能引起对旋转条纹图案的旋转身体运动，背侧眼不介导视动反应。7.在仿生类中，雄性特有的视觉引导行为只通过背侧眼介导。群集男性的视觉任务进行了讨论。雄性与假目标互动的复杂行为可能反映了它们需要区分群中的其他雄性和雌性，并保持周围空域没有不想要的目标。
Summary1.The free flight behaviour of swarming male Bibionidae (Diptera) has been filmed in the field with two cameras simultaneously at 50 frames/s. A method is described which allows the reconstruction of the three-dimensional trajectories of flies from the two films.2.Males track other flies and dummy targets from below and from downwind (Figs. 5–8; 10a). They keep pointing into the wind and control flight direction and their position relative to the target by way of translational movements (forward, side-ways and vertical movements) (Fig. 9; Fig. 16b–d). Angular tracking is minimal, there is evidence, however, that the flies roll and pitch.3.When interacting with a target, the flies keep the target's image close to and within the zone of binocular vision of their dorsal compound eyes (Figs. 3; 10c). There is some evidence that the flies' sideways acceleration is determined by the error angle velocity with a delay of 90 ms (Fig. 12). Underneath the target the flies perform sideways oscillations at 3–5 Hz (Fig. 13).4.The flies repeatedly home in on and retreat from a target. At close range (0–20 cm) their vertical and forward velocity is linearily related to the target distance (Figs. 14a, 15a). Switches from ascending to descending flight occur whenever the target is lost from the visual field of the dorsal eyes.5.Both forward and vertical velocity are to some extent dependent on the altitude of the target above the horizon of the fly (Figs. 14b, 15b).6.Rotational body movements in response to rotating striped patterns can only be elicited by stimulating the ventral eyes, the dorsal eyes do not mediate the optomotor response (Fig. 17).7.In bibionids, male-specific visually guided behaviour is mediated through the dorsal eyes only. The visual tasks of swarming males are discussed. The complex behaviour seen in males interacting with a dummy target might reflect their need to distinguish other males in a swarm from females and to keep the surrounding airspace clear of unwanted targets.