Greenland whales and walruses in the Svalbard food web before and after exploitation
Greenland whales and walruses in the Svalbard food web before and after exploitation
复制标题
斯瓦尔巴特群岛食物网中的格陵兰鲸和海象在开发前后
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
L. Hacquebord
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Węsławski;L. Hacquebord
在1600年至1900年期间，两种数量众多且具有重要生态意义的大型海洋哺乳动物在斯瓦尔巴群岛被灭绝。这两种动物是中上层摄食的格陵兰鲸（Balaena mysticetus）和底栖摄食的海象（Odobaenus rosmarus rosmarus），据估计，这两种动物在开发前的原始种群分别约为46 000头和25 000头。据估计，当时它们每年的食物消耗量约为400万吨浮游生物和40万吨底栖生物。假设16世纪（小冰期高峰之前）大陆架/沿海生态系统的初级和次级生产与今天相似，作者得出结论，格陵兰鲸鱼和海象消失后，食物网一定发生了重大转变。食浮游生物的海鸟和极地鳕鱼（Boreogadus色达）很可能从格陵兰鲸的灭绝中获益，而绒鸭（Somateria mollissima）和须海豹（Erignathus rectatus）则从海象的灭绝中受益。反过来，中上层鱼类数量的增加为食鱼的海雀和海鸥提供了食物，并可能导致了今天斯瓦尔巴群岛上巨大的海鸟群体。
Between 1600 and 1900 two numerous and ecologically important large marine mammals were extirpated in the Svalbard archipelago. These were the pelagic-feeding Greenland whale (Balaena mysticetus) and the benthic-feeding walrus (Odobaenus rosmarus rosmarus), the initial stocks of which prior to exploitation are estimated to have numbered approximately 46 000 and 25 000 animals respectively. Their annual food consumption at that time is estimated to have been some 4 million tons of plankton and 0.4 million tons of benthic organisms. Assuming that the primary and secondary production of the shelf/coastal ecosystem in the 16th century (before the peak of the Little Ice Age) was similar to that of the present day, the authors have concluded that a major shift in the food web must have occurred after the Greenland whales and walruses were eliminated. Planktonivorous seabirds and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) very probably took advantage of the extirpation of the Greenland whales, while eiders (Somateria mollissima) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) benefited from the walrus's extinction. In turn, the increased amount of pelagic fish provided food for piscivorous alcids and gulls, and may have given rise to the huge present-day seabird colonies on Svalbard.