Evolutionary responses to changing climate
Evolutionary responses to changing climate
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DOI：
10.1890/03-0788
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发表时间：
2005-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Etterson, JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Davis, MB;Shaw, RG;Etterson, JR
到目前为止，第四纪古生态学家认为进化是一个相对于气候变化的缓慢过程，预测生物对气候变化的主要反应不是适应，而是（1）如果气候变化保持在物种的耐受限度内，则在原地持续存在，（2）范围转移（迁移）到气候目前在物种耐受限度内的地区，或（3）灭绝。我们在这里认为，所有这三个结果涉及进化过程。物种内的遗传分化是普遍存在的，通常是通过种群对不同环境条件的适应。可检测的适应性分歧在与气候变化相当的时间尺度上进化，草本植物物种在几十年内进化，寿命较长的树木在几个世纪或几千年内进化，这意味着具有生物学意义的进化反应可以伴随着气候的时间变化。模型和实证研究表明，种群适应环境变化的速度影响新栖息地的入侵率，从而影响迁移率，影响种群增长率，从而影响灭绝概率，影响个体植物的生长和死亡率，从而影响区域植被的生产力。最近的模型和实验研究了物种耐受极限的稳定性，环境梯度对边缘种群的影响，以及人口统计学，基因流，突变率和其他遗传过程对环境变化适应率的相互作用。新技术使生态学家能够通过从埋藏在几十年前的沉积物中的繁殖体中复活古代种群来直接记录对变化条件的适应。改进的分类分辨率，从形态学研究的宏化石和DNA恢复花粉粒和macromains提供了额外的信息范围的变化，人口规模的变化，和precision。古生态学家和进化生物学家之间的合作可以完善对古记录的解释，并改善对预期气候变化的生物反应的预测。
Until now, Quaternary paleoecologists have regarded evolution as a slow process relative to climate change, predicting that the primary biotic response to changing climate is not adaptation, but instead (1) persistence in situ if changing climate remains within the species' tolerance limits, (2) range shifts (migration) to regions where climate is currently within the species' tolerance limits, or (3) extinction. We argue here that all three of these outcomes involve evolutionary processes. Genetic differentiation within species is ubiquitous, commonly via adaptation of populations to differing environmental conditions. Detectable adaptive divergence evolves on a time scale comparable to change in climate, within decades for herbaceous plant species, and within centuries or millennia for longer-lived trees, implying that biologically significant evolutionary response can accompany temporal change in climate. Models and empirical studies suggest that the speed with which a population adapts to a changing environment affects invasion rate of new habitat and thus migration rate, population growth rate and thus probability of extinction, and growth and mortality of individual plants and thus productivity of regional vegetation. Recent models and experiments investigate the stability of species tolerance limits, the influence of environmental gradients on marginal populations, and the interplay of demography, gene flow, mutation rate, and other genetic processes on the rate of adaptation to changed environments. New techniques enable ecologists to document adaptation to changing conditions directly by resurrecting ancient populations from propagules buried in decades-old sediment. Improved taxonomic resolution from morphological studies of macrofossils and DNA recovered from pollen grains and macroremains provides additional information on range shifts, changes in population sizes, and extinctions. Collaboration between paleoecologists and evolutionary biologists can refine interpretations of paleorecords, and improve predictions of biotic response to anticipated climate change.