Behavior and the basal ganglia.
Behavior and the basal ganglia.
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sain Ja;Taylor Ae;K. Nicholson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sain Ja;Taylor Ae;K. Nicholson
当被视为一个整体时，这些基底神经节-丘脑-皮质回路似乎在广泛的行为中起着调节作用。在皮层水平，如果额叶内的特定区域出现会聚，则所讨论的行为将取决于SMA、运动前区、额叶眼野、背外侧和眶额流出目标。广义地说，运动、心理或情绪集合的生成、维持、转换和混合等过程都将涉及其中。因此，在基底神经节疾病中，上述行为领域的计划和执行可能受到影响。鉴于基底神经节内活动的多样性和复杂性，破坏的后果在很大程度上取决于病变部位和相关的神经化学因子的相互作用。例如，在运动领域，各种纹状体回路水平的损伤可导致运动功能减退或运动功能亢进。根据这个类比，也可以说，根据部位不同，不同的病变可能导致行为集合的发展和维持问题（“低膈”），而不是放弃优先集合的问题（“高膈”）。这些对比模式分别在PD和OCD中表现得最好。然而，在后一种情况下，“高膈”模式只适用于那些属于强迫性仪式的行为。这表明，程序系统“权限”仍然是特定于域的，就像程序系统中的大多数操作一样。回到习惯化的广泛原则，这一过程首先在视觉系统及其与尾状核尾部的联系的背景下进行了描述，我们很容易将PD和OCD视为对行为常规的“不足”和“过度”习惯化的障碍。不幸的是，鉴于最近的神经心理学发现，情况已被证明更加复杂（Nicholson等人，准备中）。使用各种解决问题和其他认知任务，PD和OCD患者都需要更多的实践和/或提供外部指导，以促进习惯的形成。因此，在这两种情况下，就像在基底神经节的其他疾病中一样，建立指导适应行为的有用的行为学受到了影响。因此，强迫症患者似乎具有至少两种区室化类型的基底神经节功能障碍：仪式性强迫和强迫以及启发式低效率（即，程序性动员不足）。PD患者也将遭受类似的命运，因为已知运动与非运动的程度（即，程序性）缺陷相关性较差（42）。（400字处截断摘要）
When viewed as a whole, these basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits appear to play a modulating role in a wide range of behaviors. At the cortical level, given convergence upon specified regions within the frontal lobes, the behaviors in question would be those dependent upon SMA, premotor, frontal eye fields, dorsolateral, and orbitofrontal outflow targets. Broadly speaking, processes such as the generation, maintenance, switching, and blending of motor, mental, or emotional sets would be involved. Accordingly, in basal ganglia disease, the planning and the execution of the above behavioral domains can be affected. Given the diversity and complexity of activity within the basal ganglia, the consequences of disruption depend largely upon lesion site and the associated interplay of neurochemical factors. For example, in the motor domain, damage to various striatal circuitry levels can result in either hypo- or hyperkinetic disorders of movement. Following this analogy, it might also be said that diverse lesions, depending on site, can result in problems with the development and maintenance of behavioral sets ("hypophrenic") versus problems in relinquishing preferential sets ("hyperphrenic"). These contrasting patterns are best represented in PD and OCD, respectively. In the latter case, however, the "hyperphrenic" pattern would only apply to those behaviors which are part of the obsessional rituals. This suggests that procedural system "overdrive" remains domain-specific as is the case for most operations within the procedural system. To return to the broad principle of habituation, a process first described in the context of the visual system and its connections with the tail of the caudate nucleus, it would be tempting to view PD and OCD as disorders of "under" and "over" habituation to behavioral routines. Unfortunately, the situation has proven to be more complex in view of recent neuropsychological findings (Nicholson et al., in preparation). Using a variety of problem-solving and other cognitive tasks, both PD and OCD patients were found to require more practice and/or the provision of external guidelines to facilitate habit formation. Thus, in both cases, as in other disorders of the basal ganglia, the establishment of useful heuristics by which to direct adaptive behavior suffers. OCD patients therefore appear to have at least two compartmentalized types of basal ganglia dysfunction: the ritualistic compulsions and obsessions as well as the heuristic inefficiency (i.e., poor procedural mobilization). PD patients would also suffer a similar fate as it is known that the degrees of motor versus nonmotor (i.e., procedural) deficit are poorly correlated (42).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)