Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens - Artiodactyla)
Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens - Artiodactyla)
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DOI：
10.4193/rhino09.005
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
Beule, A. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gruetzenmacher, S.;Robinson, D. M.;Beule, A. G.
背景：对动物鼻子气流的了解很少。这些知识对于环境研究中使用的动物模型的选择非常重要。从系统发育和个体发育的角度来看，动物和人类鼻子之间的比较很有趣。方法：检查了 5 种偶蹄类动物（公山羊、绵羊、牛、狍子、野猪）和两个人类（新生婴儿和成人）的鼻子模型。比较了所有物种鼻腔的解剖学和生理学特征。所有模型均用水冲洗并将流动可视化以供观察。然后进行几何和鼻电阻测量。 结果和结论：偶趾有蹄类动物有两个鼻甲骨直接位于鼻气流的主要部分（呼吸鼻甲），并且在鼻咽管上方所谓的鼻气流死腔（筛窦鼻甲）中具有不同数量的鼻甲骨。后者对应于上鼻甲和中鼻甲，类似于人的鼻子。偶趾有蹄类动物的呼吸鼻甲紧邻外鼻孔后方插入。因此，除了仅在反刍动物中可检测到的作为死腔的小区域之外，整个鼻腔充当功能区域，这可能表明从猪科动物到牛科动物的微小进化进展。一年生鼻腔的形状是拉长且平坦的。气流几乎完全以紊流方式通过鼻子。成年人的鼻腔相对较短且较高。外鼻孔与下鼻甲头之间的区域称为流入区。它将气流分布在整个鼻横截面并产生紊流。因此，气流准备好接触功能区域（鼻甲区域）的粘膜。流入区的形态大致由外鼻的形状形成。新生儿的鼻腔也被拉伸且平坦，更类似于被调查动物的鼻部形状。新生儿鼻子的流入区域尚未发育，与新生儿外鼻的生长相对应。可以推测，人类鼻子的流入区域是鼻腔长高比变化的形态适应。
Background: Knowledge of airflow in animal noses is sparse. Such knowledge could be important for selection of animal models used in environmental studies. From the phylogenetic and ontogenetic point of view, a comparison between the animal and human nose is interesting.Method: Nose models of 5 even-toed ungulate species ( he-goat, sheep, cow, roebuck, wild boar) and two humans (new born infant and adult) were examined. Anatomical and physiological features of the nasal cavities of all species were compared. All models were rinsed with water and the flow was visualized for observation. Geometric and rhinoresistometric measurements were then performed.Results and Conclusions: Even-toed ungulates have two turbinates directly in the main part of the nasal airflow (respiratory turbinates) and a different number of turbinates in a so-called dead space of the nasal airflow above the nasopharyngeal duct (ethmoidal turbinates). The latter correspond with the upper and middle turbinate in analogy to the human nose. Respiratory turbinates of even-toed ungulates insert immediately behind the external nasal ostium. Thus, the whole nasal cavity acts as a functional area with the exception of a small area acting as dead space only detectable in ruminants, possibly indicating a small evolutionary progress from suinae to bovidae.The shape of the annual nasal cavity is stretched and flat. The airflow runs nearly completely turbulent through the nose.The nasal cavity in the adult human is relatively short and high. The area between the external nasal ostium and the head of the inferior turbinate is called inflow area. It distributes the airflow over the whole nasal cross section and generates a turbulent flow. So the airflow is prepared to contact the mucosa in the functional area (turbinate area). The morphology of the inflow area is approximately formed by the shape of the external nose.The nasal cavity of a newborn child is also stretched and flat and more similar to the nasal shape of the investigated animals. The inflow area in the newborn nose is not yet developed and corresponds with the growing external newborn nose.One can hypothesize that the inflow area in human noses is a morphological adaptation in the changed length-height-ratio of the nasal cavity.