EXPERT PERFORMANCE - ITS STRUCTURE AND ACQUISITION
EXPERT PERFORMANCE - ITS STRUCTURE AND ACQUISITION
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DOI：
10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725
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发表时间：
1994-08-01
影响因子：
16.4
通讯作者：
CHARNESS, N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ERICSSON, KA;CHARNESS, N
与专家表现反映天生能力和能力的普遍看法相反，最近对不同专业领域的研究表明，专家表现主要是由后天获得的复杂技能和生理适应调节的。对于精英表演者来说，受监督的练习从很小的年龄就开始了，并在十多年的时间里保持在每天的高水平。长期刻意练习的影响比人们通常认为的更深远。表演者可以获得绕过工作记忆容量和顺序处理的基本限制的技能。刻意的练习也可能导致因适应剧烈的体力活动而导致的解剖学变化。对专家绩效的研究对于我们理解人类适应和最优学习的结构和限度具有重要的意义。
Counter to the common belief that expert performance reflects innate abilities and capacities, recent research in different domains of expertise has shown that expert performance is predominantly mediated by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations. For elite performers, supervised practice starts at very young ages and is maintained at high daily levels for more than a decade. The effects of extended deliberate practice are more far-reaching than is commonly believed. Performers can acquire skills that circumvent basic limits on working memory capacity and sequential processing. Deliberate practice can also lead to anatomical changes resulting from adaptations to intense physical activity. The study of expert performance has important implications for our understanding of the structure and limits of human adaptation and optimal learning.