Impact of Particle Irradiation on the Immune System: From the Clinic to Mars.
Impact of Particle Irradiation on the Immune System: From the Clinic to Mars.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2017.00177
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Moreels M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fernandez-Gonzalo R;Baatout S;Moreels M
尽管基于光子的辐射(即伽马射线和X射线)被广泛用于治疗不同类型的癌症，但粒子放射治疗(即质子和碳离子)由于其物理性质和生物有效性的改善而成为治疗特定肿瘤的一种流行和更有效的工具。目前的科学证据表明，常规放射治疗以一种特定的方式影响肿瘤的免疫学特征，这反过来又可能在局部和全身水平上产生有益的影响(即非局部性影响)。人们正在探索放射治疗和免疫系统之间的相互作用，以结合免疫和放射(包括颗粒)治疗，在许多情况下，这种治疗比任何一种治疗方法都具有更大的临床效果。与局部的临床辐射相反，宇航员暴露在全身的慢性宇宙辐射中，质子和重离子是其中的重要组成部分。这种极端环境在很长一段时间内的影响，例如潜在的火星任务，将对免疫系统产生影响，可能危及宇航员的健康，因此任务成功。在此背景下，本综述的目的是简要介绍粒子辐射引起的局部和全身免疫改变的最新知识，并提出未来研究的新思路。与临床应用相关的粒子辐射引起的免疫效应，以及联合放射治疗和免疫治疗的例子将被包括在内。然后，焦点将转移到外层空间，在那里将讨论太空飞行过程中宇宙辐射引起的免疫系统变化。
Despite the generalized use of photon-based radiation (i.e., gamma rays and X-rays) to treat different cancer types, particle radiotherapy (i.e., protons and carbon ions) is becoming a popular, and more effective tool to treat specific tumors due to the improved physical properties and biological effectiveness. Current scientific evidence indicates that conventional radiation therapy affects the tumor immunological profile in a particular manner, which in turn, might induce beneficial effects both at local and systemic (i.e., abscopal effects) levels. The interaction between radiotherapy and the immune system is being explored to combine immune and radiation (including particles) treatments, which in many cases have a greater clinical effect than any of the therapies alone. Contrary to localized, clinical irradiation, astronauts are exposed to whole body, chronic cosmic radiation, where protons and heavy ions are an important component. The effects of this extreme environment during long periods of time, e.g., a potential mission to Mars, will have an impact on the immune system that could jeopardize the health of the astronauts, hence the success of the mission. To this background, the purpose of this mini review is to briefly present the current knowledge in local and systemic immune alterations triggered by particle irradiation and to propose new lines of future research. Immune effects induced by particle radiation relevant to clinical applications will be covered, together with examples of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Then, the focus will move to outer space, where the immune system alterations induced by cosmic radiation during spaceflight will be discussed.