AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONFLICT AND FEAR - AN ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHICKS TOWARD A MEALWORM .I. BEHAVIOR OF CHICKS WHICH DO NOT EAT MEALWORM
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CONFLICT AND FEAR - AN ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHICKS TOWARD A MEALWORM .I. BEHAVIOR OF CHICKS WHICH DO NOT EAT MEALWORM
复制标题
DOI：
10.1163/156853965x00110
复制
发表时间：
1965-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
HOGAN, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HOGAN, JA
中文摘要本文研究的假设，一个年轻的小鸡显示对mealworm的行为可以理解的同时唤醒的倾向接近mealworm啄它，并倾向于退出mealworm，因为恐惧。11.在3至11日龄的三种环境（家笼和两个不熟悉地点的类似笼）和三种食物剥夺状态（0、5和10小时）下分别观察了三组6只鸡;还观察了酒精注射影响下的一些鸡。每个实验包括在存在粉虫的情况下观察4分钟，在此之前和之后在不存在粉虫的情况下观察2分钟。将小鸡的行为模式记录在20笔事件记录器上;对各种行为模式的频率和/或持续时间进行评分。三.在实验过程中，各种活动的发生没有显示出作为年龄函数的显著变化（图2）。此外，除了前三个介绍，行为之前和之后的黄粉虫介绍没有显着差异。小鸡的一般行为（在没有粉虫的情况下）显示出作为环境的函数的显著变化（图1和图2）。3和4）：在不熟悉的环境中，移动、啄食和梳理羽毛的频率较低;在中度不熟悉的环境中，睡觉和坐着的频率较低，但在非常不熟悉的环境中，尖叫声出现的频率最高。唯一受食物剥夺显著影响的活动是移动（图3）：食物剥夺增加导致移动增加。注射酒精的雏鸡的一般行为与在非常不熟悉的环境中的雏鸡的行为非常相似。这表明，环境的变化是恐惧诱导。四.黄粉虫的出现使一种新的行为模式出现：固定黄粉虫。与蠕虫接触的经验会使固定下降（图5）;此外，这种下降几乎完全是由于固定时间缩短。注视是剥夺和环境的复杂函数，剥夺程度的增加导致在非常陌生的环境中时间注视的急剧下降，而在另外两种环境中时间注视的略有增加。(Fig. 6）、剥夺和环境变化也对注视的持续时间产生了相互作用，但只有环境变化影响了注视的次数。每100秒的固定（图9）接近和退出黄粉虫与在没有黄粉虫的情况下移动高度相关。它的结论是，方法和撤回运动反映了移动，即使在没有黄粉虫，但现在的方向相对于黄粉虫会发生。此外，在每种实验条件下，固定期间移动的绝对量小于在不存在黄粉虫的相同条件下移动的量;这强烈支持黄粉虫是恐惧诱导的概念，并且对黄粉虫的恐惧是对陌生环境的恐惧的叠加。每100秒移动的接近和撤回（图10）与固定的回合长度显著相关。在固定时，与蠕虫的距离随着剥夺程度的增加而轻微但显著地减少（图11）;环境变化似乎对距离只有间接影响。在一秒钟内发生的一些活动...
AbstractI. This paper examines the hypothesis that the behavior a young chick shows toward a mealworm can be understood in terms of the simultaneous arousal of a tendency to approach the mealworm to peck it and a tendency to withdraw from the mealworm because of fear. 11. Three groups of 6 chicks each were observed individually between 3 and 11 days of age in three environments (home cage, and a similar cage in two unfamiliar locations) and under three states of food deprivation (0, 5, and 10 hrs) ; some of the chicks were also observed under the influence of an alcohol injection. Each experiment consisted of 4 minutes of observation with a mealworm present, preceded and followed by 2 minutes of observation with the mealworm absent. Behavior patterns of the chicks were registered on a 20-pen event recorder; frequencies and/or durations of the various behavior patterns were scored. III. Occurrence of the various activities showed no significant changes as a function of age during the course of the experiment (Fig. 2). Further, except for the first three presentations, behavior before and after the mealworm presentation showed no significant differences. The general behavior of the chicks (in the absence of the mealworm) showed marked changes as a function of environment (Figs. 3 and 4) : moving, pecking, and preening occurred less frequently with increasingly unfamiliar environments; sleeping and sitting occurred less frequently with moderate unfamiliarity, but showed a sharp increase in very unfamiliar suroundings; shrill calling occurred most frequently in moderately unfamiliar surroundings. The only activity significantly affected by food deprivation was moving (Fig. 3) : increased food deprivation resulted in increased moving. The general behavior of alcohol-injected chicks was very similar to the behavior of chicks in very un familiar surroundings. It is suggested that changes in environment are fear inducing. IV. Presentation of the mealworm allows a new behavior pattern to appear: fixating the mealworm. Fixating declined as a simple function of experience with the worm (Fig. 5) ; further, this decline was due almost entirely to shorter bouts of fixating. Fixating was a complicated function of deprivation and environment in that increasing deprivation resulted in a sharp decline of time fixating in the very unfamiliar environment, but resulted in slight increases of time fixating in the other two environments. (Fig. 6); deprivation and environmental change also interacted in their influence on bout length of fixating (Fig. 7), but only environmental change affected the number of bouts of fixating (Fig. 8). Approach to and withdrawal from the mealworm per 100 sec fixating (Fig. 9) were very highly correlated with moving in the absence of the mealworm. It is concluded that approach and withdrawal movements reflect moving that would have occurred even in the absence of the mealworm, but which is now oriented with respect to the mealworm. Further, the absolute amount of moving during fixating under each experimental condition was less than the amount of moving under that same condition when the mealworm was not present; this strongly supports the notion that the mealworm is fear inducing, and that fear of the mealworm is additive to fear of an unfamiliar environment. Approach and withdrawal per 100 sec moving (Fig. 10) were significantly correlated with bout length of fixating. Distance from the worm while fixating was slightly, but significantly, reduced with increasing deprivation (Fig. 11) ; environmental change appeared to have only an indirect effect on distance. A number of activities that occurred during, or within one second …