Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) and nanoparticle exposures: What do DEP human clinical studies tell us about potential human health hazards of nanoparticles?
Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) and nanoparticle exposures: What do DEP human clinical studies tell us about potential human health hazards of nanoparticles?
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DOI：
10.3109/08958371003758823
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Valberg, Peter A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hesterberg, Thomas W.;Long, Christopher M.;Valberg, Peter A.
工程纳米颗粒 (ENP) 越来越多地在细胞和实验室动物实验中进行潜在危险测试，但缺乏接触 ENP 的人类健康影响数据。然而，关于纳米颗粒 (NP) 暴露的另一个来源的人类数据是可用的，特别是柴油机尾气颗粒 (DEP) 中所含的 NP。对研究环境中暴露于柴油机尾气 (DE) 的人类志愿者的研究报告显示，DEP-NP 数量浓度（即 > 10(6) 颗粒/cm(3)）超过了制造和处理 ENP 的工人在最坏情况暴露条件下报告的数量浓度。最近使用敏感的生理仪器和明确的暴露浓度和持续时间进行的人类 DE 暴露研究表明，2007 年之前的发动机中 DE 暴露的增加可能会引发肺部和全身炎症、血栓形成、血管功能和大脑活动等方面的短期变化。对于观察到的反应的基础是哪些 DE 成分（即 DEP 纳米颗粒、DEP 质量、DE 气体），以及观察到的短期变化对疾病发展的影响，仍然存在相当大的不确定性。即便如此，这些 DE 人体临床数据并没有证明纳米颗粒与其他小颗粒相比具有独特的毒性。当然，DEP NP 和其他 NP 之间的毒理学相关理化性质可能有所不同，但总体而言，DE 人类临床数据并不支持这样的观点：NP 本身水平升高（至少在 DEP 背景下）一定仅因其纳米尺寸性质而具有剧毒。
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly tested in cellular and laboratory-animal experiments for hazard potential, but there is a lack of health effects data for humans exposed to ENPs. However, human data for another source of nanoparticle (NP) exposure are available, notably for the NPs contained in diesel exhaust particulate (DEP). Studies of human volunteers exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) in research settings report DEP-NP number concentrations (i.e., > 10(6) particles/cm(3)) that exceed number concentrations reported for worst-case exposure conditions for workers manufacturing and handling ENPs. Recent human DE exposure studies, using sensitive physiological instrumentation and well-characterized exposure concentrations and durations, suggest that elevated DE exposures from pre-2007 engines may trigger short-term changes in, for example, lung and systemic inflammation, thrombogenesis, vascular function, and brain activity. Considerable uncertainty remains both as to which DE constituents underlie the observed responses (i.e., DEP NPs, DEP mass, DE gases), and as to the implications of the observed short-term changes for the development of disease. Even so, these DE human clinical data do not give evidence of a unique toxicity for NPs as compared to other small particles. Of course, physicochemical properties of toxicological relevance may differ between DEP NPs and other NPs, yet overall, the DE human clinical data do not support the idea that elevated levels of NPs per se (at least in the DEP context) must be acutely toxic by virtue of their nano-sized nature alone.