Identification Card and Codification of the Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of 14 Dental Implant Surfaces
Identification Card and Codification of the Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of 14 Dental Implant Surfaces
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DOI：
10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00080
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发表时间：
2011-10-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Bernard, Jean-Pierre
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ehrenfest, David M. Dohan;Vazquez, Lydia;Bernard, Jean-Pierre
牙种植体在日常实践中常用；然而，大多数外科医生并不真正了解他们放置在病人身上的这些生物医学设备的特性。这项工作的目的是描述市场上可获得的14种植入物表面的化学和形态特征，并根据Dohan Ehrenfest等人（2010）的分类程序（DEC）系统中开发的分类程序，为所有植入物建立简单清晰的识别（ID）卡。对14种种植体表面进行了表征：TiUnite （Nobel Biocare）、Ospol （Ospol）、Kohno HRPS （Sweden & Martina）、Osseospeed （AstraTech）、Ankylos （Dentsply Friadent）、MTX （Zimmer）、Promote （Camlog）、BTI Interna （Biotechnology Institute）、EVL Plus （SERF）、Twinkon Ref （Tekka）、Ossean （Intra-Lock）、NanoTite （Biomet 3I）、SLActive （ITI Straumann）、Integra-CP/NanoTite （Bicon）。分析每个种植体的三个样本。采用x射线光电子能谱/电子能谱进行化学分析，采用俄歇电子能谱建立100 nm深度剖面。采用光干涉法对微形貌进行量化。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对其总体形貌和纳米形貌进行了评价。最后，利用DEC系统建立了每个表面的特征码，并将每个表面的主要特征总结为一个易于阅读的ID卡。从化学角度来看，14种不同的表面中，有10种是基于商业纯钛（2级或4级），3种是基于钛铝合金（5级钛），1种是基于磷酸钙核心。9个表面存在不同形式的化学浸渍或不连续的钛芯涂层，3个表面存在残余的渗铝颗粒。12个表面存在不同程度的无机污染，2个表面存在严重的有机污染。只有2个表面没有污染（osospeed和Ossean）。从形态学角度来看，2个表面为微孔（阳极氧化），12个表面为微孔，具有不同的微观形貌和价值。10个表面在纳米尺度上是光滑的，因此没有明显的和重复的纳米结构。4种种植体进行纳米修饰：2种种植体为纳米级（Osseospeed和Ossean）， 2种种植体覆盖纳米颗粒（NanoTite和SLActive）。TiUnite和Kohno的HRPS表面布满了延伸的裂缝。只有8个表面可以被认为是均匀的。这种系统化的方法可以将这些市售产品的主要特征集中在一张身份证上。它可以用作实验工具或控制工业植入物生产的方法。DEC系统可能是一个有趣的基础，为牙科种植体表面和其他植入式装置制定一个清晰和简单的ISO标准。
Dental implants are commonly used in daily practice; however, most surgeons do not really know the characteristics of these biomedical devices they are placing in their patients. The objective of this work is to describe the chemical and morphological characteristics of 14 implant surfaces available on the market and to establish a simple and clear identification (ID) card for all of them, following the classification procedure developed in the Dohan Ehrenfest et al (2010) Codification (DEC) system. Fourteen implant surfaces were characterized: TiUnite (Nobel Biocare), Ospol (Ospol), Kohno HRPS (Sweden & Martina), Osseospeed (AstraTech), Ankylos (Dentsply Friadent), MTX (Zimmer), Promote (Camlog), BTI Interna (Biotechnology Institute), EVL Plus (SERF), Twinkon Ref (Tekka), Ossean (Intra-Lock), NanoTite (Biomet 3I), SLActive (ITI Straumann), Integra-CP/NanoTite (Bicon). Three samples of each implant were analyzed. Superficial chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy/electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and the 100 nm in-depth profile was established using Auger electron spectroscopy. The microtopography was quantified using light interferometry. The general morphology and nanotopography were evaluated using a field emission-scanning electron microscope. Finally, the characterization code of each surface was established using the DEC system, and the main characteristics of each surface were summarized in a reader-friendly ID card. From a chemical standpoint, of the 14 different surfaces, 10 were based on a commercially pure titanium (grade 2 or 4), 3 on a titanium-aluminum alloy (grade 5 titanium), and one on a calcium phosphate core. Nine surfaces presented different forms of chemical impregnation or discontinuous coating of the titanium core, and 3 surfaces were covered with residual aluminablasting particles. Twelve surfaces presented different degrees of inorganic pollutions, and 2 presented a severe organic pollution overcoat. Only 2 surfaces presented no pollution (Osseospeed and Ossean). From a morphological standpoint, 2 surfaces were microporous (anodization) and 12 were microrough, with different microtopographical aspects and values. Ten surfaces were smooth on the nanoscale, and therefore presented no significant and repetitive nanostructures. Four implants were nanomodified: 2 implants were nanorough (Osseospeed and Ossean), and 2 were covered with nanoparticles (NanoTite and SLActive). TiUnite and Kohno HRPS were covered with extended cracks all over the surface. Only 8 surfaces could be considered homogeneous. This systematic approach allowed the main characteristics of these commercially available products to be gathered in a single ID card. It can be used as an experimental tool or a method for controlling industrial implant productions. The DEC system could be an interesting basis for the development of a clear and simple ISO standard for dental implant surfaces and other implantable devices.