Of coiled oysters and big brains: how to rescue the terminology of heterochrony, now gone astray
Of coiled oysters and big brains: how to rescue the terminology of heterochrony, now gone astray
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00067.x
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发表时间：
2000-09-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Gould, SJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gould, SJ
在过去的十年中，异时性的术语，迄今为止一致和可行的，已经成为内部不合逻辑和不连贯的不幸的结果，扩展的术语，适当地设计来描述形状和特征的发育时间的变化，导致这些变化的速度和时间。所有由此产生的、广泛的、文献中的混乱纯粹是逻辑和命名上的错误的结果，而根本不是因为对进化和发展的整合中的这一中心概念和现象所描述的重要经验问题的分歧。特别是，声称人类进化中的同一特征（人类颅骨的幼态形态）表现为幼态持续或明显相反的超形态现象，这只记录了术语上的错误，而不是任何事实上的分歧-因为这种幼态持续特征可能是由于不恰当地称为“速率超形态”的幼年生长模式的延长而产生的。“我证明了化石牡蛎中一个突出的、无可争议的幼态持续案例是由完全相同的进化模式产生的。当我们通过放弃这些不适应的终端增生（形状类别的不合逻辑的扩展来描述速率）的“幼态”智力事件来恢复异时性术语时，异时性概念将再次做出适当的区分，指定一个明确有意义的进化变化类别，起源于祖先中已经存在的特征的时间变化。“这并不全是异时性”--“少即是多”这一特殊表述代表了异时性的力量，它是一个具有明确意义的有趣子集，而不是一个显然适用于所有现象的不合逻辑的大杂烩，因此什么也解释不了。
During the past decade, the terminology of heterochrony, heretofore consistent and workable, has become internally illogical and incoherent as the unfortunate result of an extension of terms, properly devised to describe shifts in developmental timing of shapes and features, to the rates and timings that cause these shifts. All the resulting, and extensive, confusion in the literature arises as a pure consequence of this error in logic and nomenclature, and not at all from disagreement about the important empirical questions described by this central concept and phenomenon in the integration of evolution and development. In particular, the claim that the same feature in human evolution (the paedomorphic shape of the human cranium) expresses either neoteny or the apparently opposite phenomenon of hypermorphosis only records the terminological error, and not any factual disagreement-for this neotenic feature has probably arisen by a prolongation of juvenile growth patterns inappropriately designated as "hypermorphosis of rate." I show that a prominent and unchallenged case of neoteny in fossil oysters arises by exactly the same evolutionary mode. When we restore the terminology of heterochrony by the "paedomorphic" intellectual event of dropping these inadaptive terminal accretions (the illogical extension of shape categories to describe rates), then the concept of heterochrony will again make proper distinctions by designating a clearly meaningful category of evolutionary changes originating by shifts in timing for features already present in ancestors. "It's not all heterochrony"-and this particular statement of "less is more" represents heterochrony's strength as an interesting subset with definite meaning, rather than an illogical hodge-podge apparently applicable to all phenomena, and therefore explaining nothing.