The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum
The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum
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环境犯罪与其他严重犯罪的融合：环境犯罪连续体中的子类型
DOI：
10.1177/1477370820904585
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
R. Nijman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Daan P. van Uhm;R. Nijman
全球自然资源日益稀缺，越来越吸引跨国犯罪组织。有组织犯罪集团在从事传统活动的同时，还涉足利润丰厚的热带木材、濒危物种和天然矿物业务。破坏环境罪与其他严重犯罪之间的相互关联性不断增强，这表明传统的区分界限不再适合于理解和处理日益复杂的有组织犯罪。因此，本文旨在通过聚类分析来分析环境犯罪与其他严重犯罪之间的联系，以查明已多样化到自然资源非法贸易的有组织犯罪集团的亚型。两步聚类算法找到了一种聚类解决方案，其中有三个不同的犯罪集团亚型聚类，这些犯罪集团以各种方式多样化地从事自然资源的非法贸易：第一，绿色有组织犯罪聚类，具有高度的多样化和支配性;第二，绿色投机性犯罪聚类，其中有灵活多变的集团，其犯罪活动部分多样化;第三，绿色犯罪集团中的低级多样化者，他们用合法公司掩盖自己的非法业务。这三个组可与环境犯罪连续体中的具体阶段联系起来，尽管有细微差别。
The rising global scarcity of natural resources increasingly attracts transnational criminal organizations. Organized crime syndicates diversify into the lucrative business of tropical timber, endangered species, and natural minerals, alongside their traditional activities. The developing interconnectedness between environmental crime and other serious crimes shows that traditional lines of separation are no longer appropriate for understanding and dealing with the increasing complexities of organized crime. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the nexus between environmental crime and other serious crimes through cluster analyses to identify subtypes of organized crime groups that have diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources. The two-step cluster algorithm found a cluster solution with three distinct clusters of subtypes of criminal groups that diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources in various ways: first, the Green Organized Crime cluster, with a high degree of diversification and domination; second, the Green Opportunistic Crime cluster, with flexible and fluid groups that partially diversify their criminal activities; and, third, the low-level diversifiers of the Green Camouflaged Crime cluster, shadowing their illegal businesses with legitimate companies. The three clusters can be related to specific stages within the environmental crime continuum, albeit with nuances.