Water consumption footprint and land requirements of large-scale alternative diesel and jet fuel production.
Water consumption footprint and land requirements of large-scale alternative diesel and jet fuel production.
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DOI：
10.1021/es4030782
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发表时间：
2013-10
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Mark D. Staples;Hakan Olcay;R. Malina;Parthsarathi Trivedi;Matthew N. Pearlson;K. Strzepek;S. Paltsev;Christoph Wollersheim;S. Barrett
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文献类型：
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作者：
Mark D. Staples;Hakan Olcay;R. Malina;Parthsarathi Trivedi;Matthew N. Pearlson;K. Strzepek;S. Paltsev;Christoph Wollersheim;S. Barrett
中间馏分油 (MD) 运输燃料，包括柴油和喷气燃料，几乎占美国液体燃料消耗的 30%。替代性的直接使用 MD 和生物柴油可能会减少对原油的依赖和运输的温室气体强度。然而，必须更好地了解这些新型燃料生产技术对水和土地资源的需求。该分析量化了生产以下产品的生命周期绿色和蓝色水消耗足迹： 从常规原油中提取 MD；天然气和煤炭的费托合成；来自生物质的发酵和高级发酵MD；以及来自油籽作物的加氢加工酯和脂肪酸 MD 以及生物柴油，遍布美国本土。我们发现，源自雨养生物质的 FT MD 和替代 MD 的生命周期蓝水消耗足迹为 1.6 至 20.1 Lwater/LMD，与传统 MD 相当，传统 MD 的范围为 4.1 至 7.4 Lwater/LMD。来自灌溉生物质的替代 MD 的生命周期蓝水消耗足迹可能大几个数量级，在 2.7 至 22 600 Lwater/LMD 之间。来自生物质的替代 MD 的生命周期绿色水消耗足迹在 1.1 至 19 200 Lwater/LMD 之间。对结果进行分类，以表征地理空间位置与生命周期用水足迹之间的关系。我们还量化了蓝水消耗足迹和面积 MD 生产力之间的权衡，在雨养和灌溉生物质种植的假设下，面积范围为 490 至 4200 LMD/ha。最后，我们表明，如果对替代 MD 的生物质种植进行灌溉，则面积 MD 生产力的增加与蓝水消耗足迹的增加的比率是地理空间位置和原料到燃料生产途径的函数。
Middle distillate (MD) transportation fuels, including diesel and jet fuel, make up almost 30% of liquid fuel consumption in the United States. Alternative drop-in MD and biodiesel could potentially reduce dependence on crude oil and the greenhouse gas intensity of transportation. However, the water and land resource requirements of these novel fuel production technologies must be better understood. This analysis quantifies the lifecycle green and blue water consumption footprints of producing: MD from conventional crude oil; Fischer-Tropsch MD from natural gas and coal; fermentation and advanced fermentation MD from biomass; and hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids MD and biodiesel from oilseed crops, throughout the contiguous United States. We find that FT MD and alternative MD derived from rainfed biomass have lifecycle blue water consumption footprints of 1.6 to 20.1 Lwater/LMD, comparable to conventional MD, which ranges between 4.1 and 7.4 Lwater/LMD. Alternative MD derived from irrigated biomass has a lifecycle blue water consumption footprint potentially several orders of magnitude larger, between 2.7 and 22 600 Lwater/LMD. Alternative MD derived from biomass has a lifecycle green water consumption footprint between 1.1 and 19 200 Lwater/LMD. Results are disaggregated to characterize the relationship between geo-spatial location and lifecycle water consumption footprint. We also quantify the trade-offs between blue water consumption footprint and areal MD productivity, which ranges from 490 to 4200 LMD/ha, under assumptions of rainfed and irrigated biomass cultivation. Finally, we show that if biomass cultivation for alternative MD is irrigated, the ratio of the increase in areal MD productivity to the increase in blue water consumption footprint is a function of geo-spatial location and feedstock-to-fuel production pathway.