SOCIAL REFERENCING AT 10 MONTHS - A 2ND-ORDER EFFECT ON INFANTS RESPONSES TO STRANGERS
SOCIAL REFERENCING AT 10 MONTHS - A 2ND-ORDER EFFECT ON INFANTS RESPONSES TO STRANGERS
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb00509.x
复制
发表时间：
1983-01-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
LEWIS, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FEINMAN, S;LEWIS, M
二阶效应可能发生的途径是社会参照，在这个过程中，个体在评估一种情况时利用他人的解释。这种现象在成年人和年龄较大的儿童中很明显。有迹象表明，必要的认知和社交技能的社会参考可能会出现在第一年的下半年。男孩和女孩（87），10个月。当母亲对婴儿说话时，他们直接从母亲那里接收到关于陌生人的积极或中性的非语言信息，或者当婴儿观察到母亲对陌生人说话时，他们间接地接收到关于陌生人的非语言信息。只有当母亲直接向婴儿提供信息时，婴儿才会对陌生人更友好。这种影响对于容易气质分类的婴儿尤其强烈。这些结果进行了讨论方面的社会参考和替代解释的过程。
A pathway through which 2nd-order effects may proceed is social referencing, a process in which the individual utilizes another''s interpretation when appraising a situation. This phenomenon is well identified in adults and older children. There are indications that the necessary cognitive and social skills for social referencing may emerge in the 2nd half of the 1st yr. Boys and girls (87) aged 10 mo. received positive or neutral nonverbal messages, or no message, about a stranger either directly from the mother when she spoke to the infant, or indirectly when the infant observed her speaking to the stranger. Infants were friendlier to the stranger when the mothers had spoken positively rather than neutrally, but only when the message were provided directly to the infants. This effect was especially strong for infants of easy temperament classification. These resutls are discussed with regard to the process of social referencing and alternative explanations as well.