SIZE AS A LINE OF LEAST EVOLUTIONARY RESISTANCE: DIET AND ADAPTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL RADIATION IN NEW WORLD MONKEYS
SIZE AS A LINE OF LEAST EVOLUTIONARY RESISTANCE: DIET AND ADAPTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL RADIATION IN NEW WORLD MONKEYS
复制标题
体型作为进化阻力最小的一条线：新大陆猴的饮食和适应性形态辐射
DOI：
10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01049.x
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Cheverud
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Marroig;J. Cheverud
摘要新世界猴（NWM）在体型上表现出很大的差异（两个数量级）。尽管如此，头骨大小和相关形状的变化显示出保守的异速生长关系，无论是在属内还是属间。最大似然估计的数量祖先状态进行比较的方向形态分化的表型（pmax）和遗传（gmax）线的最小进化阻力（LLER）。NWM颅骨的多样化主要发生在沿着由尺寸变化定义的LLER。我们还使用我们的头骨数据以及已发表的遗传距离来测试LLER是否影响多样化的数量和速度，从而获得了形态数量和变化速度的测量结果。此外，从文献中获得的生态因素（饮食）的数据，并用于测试这种生态位相关的措施与形态多样化的关联。两种策略被用来测试LLER与形态和饮食量和变化速度的关联，一个专注于当代属和最大似然重建的祖先，另一个只使用16个当代属的系统发育比较分析。我们的研究结果表明，LLER影响的路径，数量和速度的形态变化。在一些分类群中，进化也发生在远离LLER的地方，但这发生的速度较慢，导致形态变化相对较少。我们发现，较长的分支长度（时间）与pmax方向的较大差异相关。然而，在宏观进化的尺度上，没有这样的趋势。饮食是一贯与绝对的大小差异和形态整合模式，我们认为，这种生态因素可能是驱动适应性辐射NWM。基于饮食的适应区的入侵涉及绝对大小的变化，由于代谢和觅食的限制，导致简单的异速生长头骨多样化沿着LLER。虽然很明显，进化变化是沿着LLER发生的，但尚不清楚这种宏观进化模式是否是种群内遗传协方差模式的保守性或沿着尺寸维度的长期适应的结果，或者是否是限制和选择都密不可分。
Abstract New World monkeys (NWM) display substantial variation (two orders of magnitude) in body size. Despite this, variation in skull size and associated shape show a conserved allometric relationship, both within and between genera. Maximum likelihood estimates of quantitative ancestral states were used to compare the direction of morphological differentiation with the phenotypic (pmax) and genetic (gmax) lines of least evolutionary resistance (LLER). Diversification in NWM skulls occurred principally along the LLER defined by size variation. We also obtained measures of morphological amount and pace of change using our skull data together with published genetic distances to test whether the LLER influenced the amount and pace of diversification. Moreover, data on an ecological factor (diet) was obtained from the literature and used to test the association of this niche-related measure with the morphological diversification. Two strategies were used to test the association of LLER with the morphological and dietary amount and pace of change, one focusing on both contemporary genera and maximum likelihood reconstructed ancestors and the other using only the 16 contemporary genera in a phylogenetic comparative analysis. Our results suggest that the LLER influenced the path, amount, and pace of morphological change. Evolution also occurred away from the LLER in some taxa but this occurred at a slower pace and resulted in a relatively low amount of morphological change. We found that longer branch lengths (time) are associated with larger differences in pmax orientation. However, on a macroevolutionary scale there is no such trend. Diet is consistently associated with both absolute size differences and morphological integration patterns, and we suggest that this ecological factor might be driving adaptive radiation in NWM. Invasion of diet-based adaptive zones involves changes in absolute size, due to metabolic and foraging constraints, resulting in simple allometric skull diversification along the LLER. While it is clear that evolutionary change occurred along the LLER, it is not clear whether this macroevolutionary pattern results from a conservation of within-population genetic covariance patterns or long-term adaptation along a size dimension or whether both constraints and selection were inextricably involved.