Negativity in political perception
Negativity in political perception
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政治认知中的消极情绪
DOI：
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发表时间：
1982
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Lau
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Lau
负面信息比同等极端或同等可能性的正面信息更有份量的倾向出现在各种认知加工任务中，但在政治中很少有经验证明。本文为选举行为中的两种负面效应提供了证据：印象形成中的负性(1968年的汉弗莱和尼克松，1972年的麦戈文和尼克松，1980年的卡特和里根)和印象的负性(在1974年和1978年的国会选举中)。后合理化和积极和消极信息的不等价性都被检查并排除为对这些结果的人为解释。讨论围绕着两种可能的负面解释展开，一种是成本导向假说(认为人们更倾向于避免成本而不是接近收益)，另一种是数字背景假说(认为负面信息在总体积极的背景下脱颖而出)。
The tendency for negative information to have more weight than equally extreme or equally likely positive information appears in a variety of cognitive processing tasks, but has rarely been documented empirically in politics. This paper provides evidence for two types of negativity effects in electoral behavior: negativity in the formation of impressions (of Humphrey and Nixon in 1968, of McGovern and Nixon in 1972, and of Carter and Reagan in 1980), and negativity as a consequence of impressions (in the 1974 and 1978 congressional elections). Both post hoc rationalization and the nonequivalence of the positive and negative information were examined and ruled out as artifactual explanations for these results. Discussion centered around two possible explanations for negativity, a cost-orientation hypothesis (which holds that people are more strongly motivated to avoid costs than to approach gains) and a figure-ground hypothesis (which holds that negative information stands out against a general positive background).