Intra-Group Regulation of Violence: Bystanders and the 'De'-Escalation of Violence
Intra-Group Regulation of Violence: Bystanders and the 'De'-Escalation of Violence
复制标题
暴力的集团内监管：旁观者和暴力的“降级”
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1298601
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rachel Best
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Taylor;M. Levine;Rachel Best
暴力理论传统上预测，旁观者在有其他人在场时比独自一人时更不可能干预。我们利用闭路电视摄像机捕捉到的42起英国“夜间经济”空间的公共暴力事件的数据，重新检验了这一预测。主角和旁观者的行为被编码为升级或降级行为，并使用状态转换图检查产生的交互序列。分析显示，旁观者在塑造暴力轨迹方面发挥了关键作用。他们对降级行为的贡献大于升级行为；他们的降级行为在更多的旁观者中变得更加普遍，而不是不那么普遍。这似乎是由两个动态造成的：1)旁观者干预通常始于对目标而不是煽动者的降级行为；第二，第三个旁观者的行为最有可能决定暴力的轨迹。我们总结了一些关于群体内暴力调节的推测，并强调旁观者是制定减少暴力倡议的重要资源。
Theories of violence have traditionally predicted that bystanders are less likely to intervene when in the presence of others than when alone. We re-examine this prediction using data from 42 episodes of public violence in "night-time economy" spaces in the United Kingdom, as captured on CCTV cameras. The behaviors of protagonists and bystanders were coded as either escalating or de-escalating acts, and the resulting interaction sequences were examined using state-transition diagrams. Analyses revealed that bystanders play a key role in shaping the trajectory of violence. They contributed more de-escalating than escalating behaviors; and their de-escalating behavior became more rather than less prevalent with more bystanders. This appeared to result from two dynamics: i) bystander interventions usually begin with a de-escalating act towards the target rather than the instigator; and ii) the third bystander act in the sequence was most likely to determine the trajectory of the violence. We conclude with some speculations about the intra-group regulation of violence, and highlight bystanders as an important resource for developing violence reduction initiatives.