Who's afraid of the big bad wolf: a prospective paradigm to test Rachman's indirect pathways in children
Who's afraid of the big bad wolf: a prospective paradigm to test Rachman's indirect pathways in children
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DOI：
10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00080-2
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发表时间：
2001-11-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Knowles, KA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Field, AP;Argyris, NG;Knowles, KA
拉赫曼的理论[条件反射理论的恐惧insition：一个批判性的检查。举止得体Res. Ther. 15（1977）375-387]表明恐惧和恐惧症可以通过三种途径获得：直接条件反射、替代学习和信息/指导。尽管回顾性研究已经为这些途径在儿童时期恐惧症的发展中提供了一些证据[参见King，Gullone，& Ollendick，童年恐惧症的病因学：拉赫曼三途径理论的现状。行为举止。Res. Ther. 36（1998）297-309进行综述]，这些研究依赖于成年恐惧症患者或其父母的长期过去记忆。目前的研究旨在发展一种范式，在这种范式中，可以前瞻性地研究拉赫曼间接途径的可解释性。在实验1中，向7至9岁的儿童呈现了两种有关新颖刺激（两个怪物）的信息：视频信息和故事形式的言语信息。与恐惧相关的关于怪物的信念会因为口头信息而发生显著变化，但视频信息不会。实验2建立了一个操作范式，考察了言语信息的来源是否对恐惧信念的变化产生影响。使用相同的范例，关于怪物的信息由老师、成年陌生人或同龄人提供，或者不提供任何信息。同样，口头信息显著改变了恐惧信念，但只有当信息来自成年人时。信息的作用，在收购的恐惧和回避行为的维护进行了讨论，参考现代条件反射理论的恐惧收购。(C)2001爱思唯尔科技有限公司版权所有。
Rachman's theory [The conditioning theory of fear insition: a critical examination. Behav. Res. Ther. 15 (1977) 375-387] of fear acquisition suggests that fears and phobias can be acquired through three pathways: direct conditioning, vicarious learning and information/instruction. Although retrospective studies have provided some evidence for these pathways in the development of phobias during childhood [see King, Gullone, & Ollendick, Etiology of childhood phobias: current status of Rachman's three pathway's theory. Behav. Res. Ther. 36 (1998) 297-309 for a review], these studies have relied on long-term past memories of adult phobics or their parents. The current study was aimed towards developing a paradigm in which the plausibility of Rachman's indirect pathways could be investigated prospectively. In Experiment 1, children aged between 7 and 9 were presented with two types of information about novel stimuli (two monsters): video information and verbal information in the form of a story. Fear-related beliefs about the monsters changed significantly as a result of verbal information but not video information. Having established an operational paradigm, Experiment 2 looked at whether the source of verbal information had an effect on changes in fear-beliefs. Using the same paradigm, information about the monsters was provided by either a teacher, an adult stranger or a peer, or no information was given. Again, verbal information significantly changed fear-beliefs, but only when the information came from an adult. The role of information in the acquisition of fear and maintenance of avoidant behaviour is discussed with reference to modern conditioning theories of fear acquisition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.